Monga mphunzitsi wa Canada anatulukira mpira

Mosiyana amalanga ofala timu monga mpira, umodzi ndi baseball, zakhala zikusintha pang'onopang'ono, mpira alitcha chikuoneka kuti zapamwamba yekhayo zatsopano. mpira anabadwa kuyamika James Naismith, thupi maphunziro mphunzitsi North America. Lero malamulo choyambirira mpira kusinthidwa ndi bwino, asungidwa mfundo yaikulu ya masewera. Komabe, kuti anapulumuka woyamba malamulo 13, amasindikizidwa pa masamba awiri typewritten. Ndi nthawi wofufuza mbiri ya masewera otchuka.

nyengo wankhanza wa North America

Dzheyms Neysmit ntchito monga mphunzitsi wa maphunziro thupi ku Springfield mayiko maphunziro kusukulu ndi ophunzira ake chifukwa cha zinthu osauka nyengo kawirikawiri anakakamizidwa kuphunzitsa osati pa msewu, ndi ochitira masewera a. gulu lake anafunika kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi kwambiri, ndi ntchito wonyong'onya mu holo mumangonyong'onyeka msanga. Ngakhale zinthu kusinthidwa kwa kuwayika mpira sidawapulumutse zinthu. M'chakachi, m'tauni ya Springfield (Massachusetts) chidafundidwa ndi chisanu kale mu yophukira mochedwa. M'misewu mafunde Mkuntho kuti kukwiya aliyense: ophunzira wopanduka, ndi malo mabwana.

masabata awiri chidali chifuniro cha

ngwazi wathu, ngakhale unyamata wake, ndi chaka chachiwiri cha ntchito chiphunzitso, ankatchedwa Albucasis ndi. N'zosadabwitsa kuti anapatsidwa Kutulukira masewera, umene kuyamwa mphamvu wofunitsitsa ophunzira m'miyezi yozizira. Onse masabata awiri okha anapatsidwa zonse.

Atatu zofunikira

Poyamba, 31 wazaka mbadwa ya Canada anaphunzira zinachitikira masewera ena gulu, kutenga kuchokera kwa iwo okha wapatali kwambiri. Malinga ndi maganizo a Albucasis anali mpira, baseball, umodzi, kusewera ndi lacrosse. masewera mipira sayenera kuvulaza osewera (ali koma kulandira chidziwitso), kulimbana mphamvu pakati pa Otsutsa ayenera kusungidwa kwa osachepera (yachangu kufala naye), komanso mayikidwe a mphete m'mwamba othamanga: Choncho zofunika zitatu zikuluzikulu nyama yatsopano anali linachokera.

"Bakha pa Rock"

Palibe gulu wotchuka wa m'zaka 19 mochedwa, masewera sizikugwirizana mwangwiro zofunikira za Naismith. Ndiyeno mphunzitsi wa kukumbukira kuti monga mwana ndi anyamata pabwalo, iwo ankakhalabe zoseweretsa "bakha pathanthwe." Malamulo anali losavuta: player anayenera kupeza mwala pamwamba pa "miyala." (Ikuluikulu kukula kwa mwala) Monga mwana, anayambitsa tsogolo la mpira kumvetsa kuti athana si munthu amene wataya kwambiri, koma amene adzapeza wangwiro kuponya njira. Zinali pa dzanja mnyamata, chifukwa iye si zikusonyeza chidwi deta anthropometric, ngakhale kuti anali amazipanga agile ndi amphamvu. Choncho, sewerolo mwana wa anyamata Canada maziko a mtundu watsopano wa masewera.

tsiku munda

December 21, 1896 Dzheyms Neysmit adapereka masewero olimbitsa wa sukulu zida olimbitsa kuika nsanja matabwa, kusiya kokha mpira. Iye anafunsa osamalira kubweretsa mabokosi awiri n'kuwapachika mmakonde. Koma m'malo mabokosi munthu anabweretsa dengu la mapichesi pansi. Osati kuchotsa pansi, Naismith pamalo "zida" pansi pa khonde pa zomenyanazo wa nyumbayi. Modabwitsa, izi kutalika - 3 meters 5 masentimita - akali malamulo mpira sichinasinthe. Business waung'ono: kumanzere kusonkhanitsa timu.

The zatsopano wachititsa ophunzira ndi kuwagawa magulu awiri, omwe anali anthu 9. Iye anapereka osewera ake mpira, ndi kuwawonetsa mabasiketi, amene anali kukhomeredwa pa aliyense mapeto a nyumbayo. Kenako Naismith anafuulira lingaliro: lililonse timu anali kuponya mpirawo mu dengu la adani ake. Mkangano wenzulo adawomba, ndipo mbiri choyamba mu dziko, masewera a mpira anayamba.

The masewera loyamba

Analengeza ulamuliro yekha: munthu anayenera kukhala pa khonde ndi pindani pansi mpira munakhala m'dengu zinachitikira ndi kuponya zolondola. Komabe, pakalibe malangizo osewera mwamsanga kwabweretsa mavuto. Achinyamata anaganiza kuti mukhoza yamba mapazi anu kapena kutenga chipolopolo kwa mdani. Naismith analibe nthawi kupatutsa ophunzira awo. Kumenyana pa mpirawo anali mwano ndi chiwawa, kuti m'modzi wa achinyamata pa masewero woyamba yapindula "phewa ntchafu, pamene wina anali kugonja. "Zinali ngati msewu nkhondo kapena ndewu popanda malamulo" - monga anazindikira limodzi la akudzitukumula anayambitsa mpira.

Naismith ankayembekezera kulephera pambuyo machesi choyamba. Tangoganizani anadabwa pamene anyamata atazunguliridwa awathandize bwinobwino ake ndipo anayamba kumuchonderera kusewera kachiwiri. Ngakhale chipongwe ndi, latsopano mpira zosangalatsa achinyamata. Choncho, mphunzitsi anali mwachangu atchule zofooka kwambiri. masiku angapo anakhala kuonetsetsa kuti mphunzitsi wa chikhalidwe thupi anayamba 13 malamulo amene anasindikizidwa pa masamba awiri mlembi. Information, anaganiza awonetse pa khoma la ochitira masewera a. Motero, aliyense player ali wodzipereka kwa zingwe.

Mawu oyamba a malamulo

Ulamuliro chofunika kwambiri kuti player ndi mpira, simungathe udzasokonezedwa. luso izi zingawathandize kupewa kusiyana ndi ndewu. masewera Kenaka anasonyeza kuti Naismith ndinali kuganiza m'njira yoyenera. Osewera anayamba kusankha mofulumira kuti chinawathandiza kuchita mwamsanga. Komabe fouls ndi mdani akugwira mpira, anatsala. Naismith anaona yoika ndi ufulu chitaya, koma anasiya mfundo imeneyi pamene iye anazindikira kuti ophunzira msanga adziwe njira kuphedwa.

Komanso, anayambitsa wakhala akukumana ndi vuto latsopano: osewera kuteteza anazindikira msanga kuti njira za fouls zazing'ono amalipira benefiti. Choncho, anakakamizika kuti atchule lamulo la chilango pa-gulu fouls. Osewera saloledwa kuika adani masitepe, Kankhani, amenye, gwirani mdani ndi kuteteza mpukutu mu cholinga. Poyamba, masewera munali awiri zigawo mphindi 15. Choncho, polakwitsalakwitsa, malangizo Woyamba masewera a mpira zimapezeka.

Dzina la masewera

Potengera ophunzira mungathe masewera atsopano otchedwa "Naismith-mpira." Komabe, anayambitsa sanafune akukakamiza kuganizira za umunthu wake, ndipo amati dzina zina wopangidwa mwa mawu awiri - «dengu mpira», kutanthauza "mabasiketi mpira".

ndemanga zabwino womkanikizawo

Kugulu anadziwa masewera watsopano pambuyo kufalitsa nkhani laudatory mu kope otchuka ya Triangle. Kuyambira February 15, 1892 za mpira anaphunzira lonse la America. Mayina m'nkhani 13 ya malamulo (pamene munthu kuchokera mafani masewera m'madera ena a dziko akufuna kusewera mpira mu nthawi yake yopuma.) Pomaliza, woyambitsa wa nkhani anatsindika ulemu wa masewera watsopano: chitukuko cha maganizo njira ndi chitukuko mabuku minofu kuti kupanga masewera mpira bwino maphunziro .

The brainchild Naismith msanga anagwira mu maofesi ena wophunzira

Mpira American College chinafalikira monga moto wolusa. Mwina palibe masewera ena, kukwezeleza zomwe zidzachitikire msangamsanga choncho. Chikondi mwambo watsopano anatengedwa ndi mtsikana. Kupita ku malo, ndi othamanga wamng'ono anavala mabulawuzi ndi thalauza. Zikuoneka masewerawa zambiri chosalimba kuposa mpira yovuta.

Monga mphunzitsi anakhala mphunzitsi

Kumene, Dzheyms Neysmit sanakhale kuchokera mpira Boom. Kale mu chaka cha 1898 iye anali kulemba monga mphunzitsi woyamba wa University of Kansas mpira timu. Pa nthawi ya ulamuliro wake monga mphunzitsi wa mpira zatsopano iye anali kuonera kusintha kwa malamulo ake 13. madengu pamapeto pake pansi zitachotsedwa, ndiyeno kwathunthu m'malo mphete masikito; ufulu chitaya akhala mbali ya masewera; ndipo dribbling (dribbling) anaonekera mu 1901. Poyamba, motsatira malamulo Naismith chiwerengero cha osewera zingasiyane 3 40. Komabe, mu chipinda ochepera othamanga mwamsanga anazindikira kuti kusewera 5 5 - abwino.