National Library of Russia (St. Petersburg): History, maziko, adiresi

National Library (St. Petersburg) mu May chaka chino chikondwerero chikumbutso ake 220th. Yachokera pa lamulo la Catherine II mu mwezi watha cha masika 1795, laibulale, ndipo tsopano ndi imodzi yaikulu kwambiri mu dziko.

Kunyada kwa Capital kumpoto - "Publichka" (dzina zosavomerezeka) - Russian lamulo pulezidenti ananena mbiri yakale ndi chikhalidwe cholowa cha anthu a Russia.

mayina osiyanasiyana

National Library (St. Petersburg) kuyambira penipeni mpaka 1917 ankatchedwa Imperial Library Public. M'nthawi ya mphamvu Soviet, dzina zinasintha kangapo - mpaka 1925 ankatchedwa laibulale yaikulu ya Russian Library Public, 1932 Library unatchedwa Saltykov-Shchedrin, ndipo kwa zaka 70, mpaka 1992 kudziwika monga State Library Public. Kwa linakhalapo, laibulale wamkulu wa Russia adafuna ndalama kupeza ndi, Chofunika kwambiri, kuonetsetsa kumafika kwa iwo.

Kwa phindu la maphunziro

National Library (St. Petersburg) tsopano pa nkhokwe thumba ndi wachiwiri buku depository mu Russia. Ngati chiyambi cha 2012, NLR ndi mphamvu zakuti miliyoni 36,5, monga 400,000 mipukutu, 7000 mabuku patsogolo 1501, lotchedwa incunabula. Kuchokera pa chiyambi chake masiku ano, laibulale ndi kafukufuku, mfundo ndi malo chikhalidwe cha Russia.

Pafupifupi zaka 30 izi anatenga ŵakusanga Mfumukazi (1766-1795) kuvomereza asilikali anagonjera kwa izo. Pa chaka ndi theka aphedwe, ndi kuchita izi wokongola anasolola mzere pansi pa "m'badwo lalikulu" la ulamuliro wake. Yomanga inayamba nthawi yomweyo pambuyo chiyanjo cha polojekiti ndi inapitirira kwa zaka 15.

Woyamba mwachuluka

nyumba zodabwitsa anakula pa mphambano ya Sadovaya Street ndi Nevsky Chiyembekezo, kuti ndilo mtima wa likulu. nyumbayi ndipo anamangidwa pa polojekiti E. T. Sokolova (Music Theatre lili zazikulu za ntchito yake) Khalani oyamba National Library. St. Petersburg amamangiriridwa ku mitu yotukuka Europe. Ubwino wosatsutsika monga laibulale ndi chakuti inasintha Buku loyamba la dzikolo pa laibulale gulu kuti kubwezeretsa ndi systematization ndalama zake.

Ndipo chidutswa cha malamulo yobereka mokakamizidwa ku mwadongosolo kubwezeretsanso ndalama mu Library (kuchuluka kwa mayunitsi 2) katundu aliyense lofalitsidwa osindikizidwa mu Russia komanso kukhala ndi chiyambi chake ku laibulale yoyamba.

Mapangidwe ndalama lapadera

Inayambira izo izo inakonzedwa 1812, koma chifukwa zoonekeratu, chinachitika mu 1814. National Library (St. Petersburg), keyala amene amadziwika osati kwa nzika iliyonse likulu kumpoto, koma alendo ambiri mumzinda chodabwitsa, ili Ostrovsky Square, 1/3, inkayenda monga gulu loyimba mbiri mu 1900. Tisaiwale mfundo zosangalatsa: mu chimango cha thumba yachilendo zapamwamba anagona abale Zalusskih Library, yomwe ili mu Warsaw, ndipo anali mmodzi wa laibulale yoyamba onse mu dziko.

Tingaiyerekezere ndi atatu okha a mulaibulale wachifumu Europe ili London, Paris ndi Munich. M'chaka cha 1794, pambuyo yimitsira a kugalukira Kosciuszko Suvorov. 400,000 mabuku mwayesedwa cholowa cha Russian Ufumu. Pearl ndalama ndi laibulale ya Voltaire, umene anagula ndi Catherine II mu 1778 pa mphwanga Deni Volter ndi heiress wa woganiza kwambiri. chombo Special iye anatengedwa ku Russia ndi kuikidwa mu Hermitage, komanso dongosolo la Alexander II unasamutsidwira Imperial Library Public.

Center ya chikhalidwe moyo ndi zaluso

Only zaka 30 aliko, laibulale ya pa manja a owerenga alandira oposa 100 000 makope a mabuku. Mwachibadwa, ndalama izo mosalekeza chinawonjezeka chiwerengero cha alendo, ndipo zaka 1832-1835 anapatsidwa mu nyumba chachiwiri, wapakamwa amene anapita ku munda Catherine. Mu theka lachiwiri la XIX maziko m'ma TH, chifukwa mphatso zambiri m'buku, ife anayamba kuculuka chigumukire - chifukwa 50s 30 nthawi poyerekeza ndi theka lonse loyamba la m'ma XIX. Ndi 1917, panali chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri mipukutu mu Russia kusonkhanitsa Laibulale. National Library Public (St. Petersburg) anali woyamba mu Russia, kumene maudindo kalasi anali anathetsa - anayamba kukaona mkazi. M'zaka 1860-1862 inamangidwa ntchito ina nyumba VI Sobolevschikova, kutseka kwa bwalo wozungulira. zaluso onse librarianship kuwonekera apa.

nthawi ya mavuto

Kuyambira 1917 mpaka 1930, ntchito ndalama yosungirako angathe chifukwa nationalized zopereka payekha ndi zopereka mchitidwe ndi mabungwe ngakhale likuvutika chuma kupanga kusindikiza kuonjezera pafupifupi mwathunthu alimira linakhalanso pokhapokha 1930.

ndodo Library anali pansi kupondereza anthu, amene anapitilira ngakhale pa Great zosonyeza kukonda nkhondo, amene akuzunzidwa ndalama kwambiri kuwonongeka. Koma pa laibulale kuzinga I ntchito natumikira owerenga.

Akufunika malo atsopano

State National Library (St. Petersburg) mu 1991 ndi lamulo Borisa Eltsina anadzatchedwa kachiwiri. Tsopano ilo likutchedwa Russian National Library.

Nkosafuna kunena kuti nyumbayi, yomwe wadutsa zaka ndi zaka 200, lawola ndi kukhala zoopsa kusunga ambiri a ndalama kwambiri. Choncho, ngakhale mu XX atumwi, panali funso za ntchito yomanga nyumba yatsopano likukwaniritsa zofunikira za modernity. Mu 1970 chisankho kumanga nyumba yatsopano anapangidwa, ndipo kwa zaka 10 watsopano ntchito yomanga anayamba kupanga, ndiyeno nambalayi wa zaka, izo anamangidwira. Izo zinali kokha gawo loyamba la nyumba yatsopano chinamasulidwa mu 2003 (amaphatikizapo zipinda zonse kuwerenga ndi laibulale, m'malo otsegula nthawi mabuku 10 miliyoni).

Nyumba sanayambe mavuto onse

The nyumba yatsopano (zikusungira ndi mabuku anayamba kutchedwa) anasamukira ku National Library (St. Petersburg). "Kupambana Park" - siteshoni yapansi, ili pafupi nthawi yomweyo (monga imachitira Chigonjetso Park, popenyana) chinyumba 9-storey wa stacks watsopano, waluso kuti akomere kuti mabuku pafupifupi 12. zipinda kuwerenga ndi maudindo ena zili nyumba ya kutalika wamng'ono. Yosungirako ndi mbali yaikulu ya ntchito lonse. Mu nyumba iyi anali olekanitsidwa chiwembu cha mahekitala 4.6. Mu nyumba yakale ya laibulale, ili pa malo 11, zimasunga kuti mabuku pafupifupi 22,7.

Mwachibadwa, mtima kwambiri. Koma kulowa yatsopano yamakono laibulale nyumba wakhala si mavuto onse - akadali gawo la ndalama ndi pa malo 9, nthawizina mu nyumba lendi ziyambe kukonzedwa. Mu 2009, mgwirizano yosainidwa kumanga latsopano 11 nkhani buku depository, umene udzakhazikitsidwe pafupi ndi zovuta alipo mu Chigonjetso Park.

pakati luso

The wokongola thupi latsopano cozily m'mapiko National Library of Russia (St. Petersburg). Adiresi ya nyumbayi ndi: Moscow Avenue, 165 Bldg .. 2. The nyumba yatsopano ya Russian National Library ndi likulu la ntchito luso, amene analola kulera utumiki mlingo zonse zatsopano. Holo laibulale pakompyuta, anatsegula mu 2006, Catalogs pakompyuta, kugwirizana 2011 zopezera malaibulale pakompyuta Vivaldi - zonsezi zimatengera MFN mlingo wokweretsa lonse. Nyumba imeneyi ndi likulu la Russian Library Association.