Nazi Party (NSDAP): atsogoleri pulogalamu, zizindikiro, mbiri

Mu Germany mu 1920 chiyambi linakhalapo Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP), mu Russian - Nazi Party, kapena NSDAP) mu 1933 anakhala Malaŵi kokha mu mphamvu ya dziko. Kusankha odana ndi Hitler Mgwirizano atagonjetsedwa mu 1945, anali kusungunuka, ndi Nuremberg Mayesero utsogoleri wake anazindikira upandu ndi mfundo yosagwira chifukwa kuopseza moyo wa munthu.

kuyambira

Mu 1919 ku Munich, ndi sitima saizi Antonom Drekslerom anayambitsa Antchito German 'Party (DAP) pa nsanja ya Komiti ya ntchito Mtendere (Freien Arbeiterausschuss für einen guten Frieden), limene anakhazikitsa ndi Drexler. wakeyo - Paul Tafel, wotsogolera ndi mtsogoleri wa League Pan-German, anapereka lingaliro la chilengedwe ndi chipani cha mtundu kuti ankadalira antchito. Mu phiko la WCT kuyambira pa chiyambi wakhala 40 mamembala. Pulogalamu ya ndale chipani adali mokwanira otukuka.

Adolf Hitler limodzi ndi DAP mndandanda mu September 1919, ndi miyezi sikisi analengeza "Pulogalamu mfundo twente-faifi," zinafuna ndi kusintha dzina. Tsopano iye potsiriza wabweza dzina lake monga Nazi Party. Hitler anabwera ndi zaluso kuti National Socialism kale analengeza pa nthawi ino Austria. Kutengera dzina la chipani Austria, Hitler anaganiza Socialist-Chiwukirano Party. Koma anakopa. Kuwerenga anatola lingaliro, kuchepetsa chidule kuti "Nazi", monga momwe adalowa dzina "sotsi" (Nazi) kale ndi kufanizira.

mfundo twente-faifi

Kuika pulogalamu fateful, wobvomerezedwayo mwa February 1920, adzakhala ndi mwachidule.

1. Wamkulu Germany ayenera pogwirizanitsa Germany onse m'gawo awo.
2. Kuti gawo kunja mawu onse a Versailles Pangano kuposa kutsimikiza lamanja la Germany ndi asapita palokha nyumba mitundu ina.
3. Lebensraum: amafuna m'gawo zina chakudya ndi kukhazikika pa kuchuluka kwa anthu German.
4. Nzika mwapatsidwa pa chifukwa cha mtundu. Ayuda sali German m'mayiko.
5. Onse amene sanali Germany zitha kukhala alendo.
6. posts Official tiyenera kugwira yoyenera anthu nzeru ndi luso chikupezeka, dongosolo lililonse cronyism ndi zosayenela.
7. boma ayenera kupereka zinthu kwa kukhalapo kwa nzika zonse. Pamene kusowa ndalama onse amene sanali nzika amachotsedwa chiwerengero cha amapindula.
8. Kulowa sanali Germany mu Germany kusiya.
9. Nzika zonse ali ndi ufulu komanso udindo otengapo chisankho.
10. Nzika iliyonse German ayenera kugwira ntchito kwa ubwino.
11. malonda osaloledwa analandidwa.
12. phindu onse udachita likuvutika nkhondo, analandidwa.
13. Nationalization amakampani lalikulu lonseli.
14. Ogwira ntchito ndi ogwira ntchito kutenga nawo mbali pa phindu la makampani akuluakulu.
15. wachikale zaka penshioni zizikhala zoyenera.
16. Kufunika kuthandiza alimi ang'onoang'ono ndi amalonda, kusamutsa kwa iwo ogulitsa onse akuluakulu.
17. Kukonza ulamuliro dziko, kuchotsa chabe.
18. Chikaikiro chilango cha imfa, milandu onse analangidwa mwankhanza.
19. M'malo a malamulo a Aroma m'chilamulo German.
20. The ziŵalo dongosolo maphunziro mu Germany.
21. State thandizo la umayi ndi kulimbikitsa chitukuko achinyamata.
22. kuloŵa usilikali, mmalo mwa gulu lankhondo akatswiri dziko.
23. media onse m'dziko akhale yekha Germany, si Germany akugwira ntchito mwa iwo ndikoletsedwa.
24. Chipembedzo free, kupatula chipembedzo, ndi owopsa Germany. chuma Ayuda anakana.
25. Kulimbikitsa boma mogwira ntchito malamulo.

yamalamulo

Kuyambira woyamba wa April 1920 pulogalamu ndale Hitler anakhala nduna, ndipo kuyambira 1926 ndi zinthu zonse zake ananena inviolable. Kuyambira 1924 mpaka 1933 chipani kunakopa mwamsanga mphamvu. chisankho Parliamentary kusonyeza kukula omwe adzaponye chisanko German kuvota chaka chilichonse.

Ngati Nazi Party wabweza yekha 6.6% mu masankho, ndipo mu December, ndipo ngakhale zochepa mu May cha 1924 - 3 yekha%, koma mu 1930 voti anali 18.3%. Mu 1932, kumbali ya Socialism National kwambiri adakulabe mu July kwa NSDAP anakuvoterani 37.4%, ndipo potsiriza, mu March 1933, pafupifupi 44% ya mavoti onse chipani analandira Hitler. Kuyambira 1923, nthawi zonse unachitikira congresses wa Nazi Party, pakhala khumi, ndi wotsiriza unachitikira mu 1938.

mfundo

Opondereza mfundo za Socialism National Chili zinthu lamadyerero, kusankhana mitundu, dziko, odana Semitism, fascism ndi odana ndi chikominisi. N'chifukwa chake Nazi Party analengeza cholinga chake yomanga boma Aryan chiyero mitundu ndi gawo lalikulu lomwe lili zonse muyenera wanu bwino ndi kutukuka kwa zaka chikwi Ulamuliro wa Nazi.

Hitler anapanga lipoti loyamba pamaso pa October 1919 chipani. Ndiye mbiri ya chipani anali tangoyamba, ndi omvera anali ochepa - anthu chimodzi chokha zana ndi khumi. Koma adatengedwa tsogolo Mtsogoleri iwo kwathunthu. Mfundo za postulates mu malankhulidwe ake sizisintha - zikamera wa Fascism kunachitika kale. Poyamba, Hitler anauza zazikulu amaona Germany ndipo analengeza adani ake: Ayuda ndi Marxists, amene wolakwa dziko kukunda mu yoyamba ya padziko lonse ndi mavuto wotsatira. Ndiyeno anati za rematch ndi chida German limene lidzathetsa umphawi m'dziko. Lamulo kubwera kwa mayiko Ngakhale "woipitsitsawu" Pangano la Versailles anali anatsindika cholinga cha angagwirizanitse m'madera ambiri atsopano.

kapangidwe chipani

Anamanga Nazi Party pa mfundo Kupititsa dongosolo, anali masanjidwe. Mphamvu ndi mphamvu zopanda malire a wapampando wa MCP. Mutu woyamba kuchokera January 1919 February 1920 anali mtolankhani Karl Harrer. Iye amagwira ntchito mwachangu chilengedwe cha WCT lapansi. Iye m'malo mwa Anton Drexler, chaka anadzakhala wapampando aulemu a chipani, pamene anapereka impso ndi Adolf Hitler mu July 1921.

Pomwepo zida chipani kutsogozedwa ndi wachiwiri Mtsogoleri. Kuyambira mu 1933 mpaka 1941, udindo wachiwiri anali kulamulidwa ndi Rudolf Hess, analenga Nazi Party Chancellery, amene nthawi yomweyo mu 1933 zinachititsa Martin Bormann, mu 1941, ali lidzasinthidwa likulu la Party Chancellery. Popeza 1942, Borman - Mlembi wa Mfumu. Mu 1945, Hitler analemba chifuniro limene anakhazikitsa watsopano chipani positi - mtumiki anaonekera pa zochitika chipani, omwe anakhala mutu wake. Bormann anakhala pa mutu wa Nazi Party yaitali - pafupi masiku anai, pa thirtieth wa April mpaka kusaina agonje kwa wachiwiri wa May.

nkhondo

Pamene Nazi anayesa kulanda boma, ndi Commissioner Bavarian Gustav Von Kahr anapereka lamulo loletsa National Socialist Party. Komabe, zochita sizinathandize, ndi kutchuka wa chipanichi, ndi Mtsogoleri anakula mayendedwe lingamutsatire: mu 1924 makumi Reichstag akuluakulu a NSDAP. Komanso, mamembala a chipani zobisika pansi mayina ena a mabungwe kumene analenga. Izi imakhudzanso Germany kamodzi dera dziko, Julius Streicher, ndi Popular Block ndi National Socialist Kumasuka Movement, ndi zina zambiri ochepa mamembala achipani.

Mu 1925, Nazi Party anatuluka kachiwiri pa za malamulo, koma atsogoleri ake kusagwirizana pa funso mwangwiro mwatsatanetsatane - mmene sosholisimu kwambiri dziko lawo ayenera muli gulu limeneli. Choncho, chipani unagawidwa mapiko awiri. Onse 1926 anapita ku kugawanika ndi kulimbana kowawa pakati lamanja ndi lamanzere. msonkhano Party mu Bamberg anali apogee ya nkhondoyi. Ndiye, May 22, 1926, kodi Musagonje zotsutsana, Hitler mu Munich akadali wosankhidwa mtsogoleri wawo. Ndipo iwo anachita izo pamodzi.

The zifukwa za kutchuka Nazism

Mu Germany, kuopsa kwa mavuto azachuma mu makumi oyambirira zaka mazana makumi awiri anali pachimake, kusakhutira Ponena chinakwera ndi leaps ndi malire. Against maziko awa, izo sizinali choncho zovuta ohmurit malingaliro Unyinji wa dziko ndi nkhondo, kulengeza mbuye mtundu ndi ntchito mbiri ya Germany. chiwerengero cha mbali ndi anzawo a Nazi Party unakula mofulumira, kukopa kagulu ka zikwi Nazi ndi zikwi lads kwa magulu osiyanasiyana ndi anthu wotchuka. Party anayamba pompopompo ndi sanyoza njira populist kupeza otsatira atsopano.

Mafelemu, anapanga msana wa Nazi Party, anali chidwi kwambiri: kwakukulukulu anali mamembala a boma inasokonekera magulu paramilitary ndi mayanjano anamenyela '(Pan-German League ndi German Union of kukhumudwa ndi chitetezo, mwachitsanzo). Mu January 1923, msonkhano woyamba wa chipanichi, Hitler unachitikira mwambo kudzipereka mbendera ya NSDAP. Ndiyeno panali zizindikiro Nazi. Pambuyo pa mapeto a msonkhano zinkapita woyamba torchlight chionetsero cha sikisi sauzande SA stormtroopers. Mu kugwa kwa chipani kale anthu oposa 55 zikwi.

Kudzakwaniritsa pa dziko

Mu February 1925 kuyamba kachiwiri choletsedwa kufalitsa woyamba nyuzipepala - limba wa Nazi Party - "Volkischer Beobachter". Ndiye Hitler anapanga imodzi kugula bwino kwambiri - pa mbali ake anasamukira Goebbels, amene anayambitsa "Angrif" magazini. Komanso, NSDAP ndi mwayi kumasulira maphunziro awo ongolankhula ndi "National Socialist pamwezi". Mu July 1926, pa Weimar Congress wa Nazi Party, Hitler adanyerezera kusanduza machenjerero phwando.

M'malo njira zigawenga za kulimbana ndi adani ndale, iye analimbikitsa Finyani kunja nyumba zonse zaboma, kusankhidwa Reichstag ndi boma yamalamulo. Izo zinkayenera kuti zichitidwe, inde popanda kulola pamaso cholinga chachikulu - kuthetsa chikominisi ndi Baibulo la zochita Versailles Pangano.

likulu kuukitsidwa

Onse a zidule kuti Hitler anakwanitsa chidwi cha pulogalamu ya NSDAP ku Germany, zofunika kwambiri kanjedza chuma ndi mafakitale. Party Trust ndi kukajowina mabungwe mabungwe ake mabwana monga Wilhelm Kappler, Emil Kirdorf, mkonzi kuwombola nyuzipepala WALTHER Funk, wapampando wa Reichsbank Yalmar Shaht, ndipo ambiri amene, kuwonjezera pa umembala yake ndi kulima wabwino kwa anthu, anabweretsa mu thumba chipani ndalama yaikulu ndalama. mavutowo chinakula, ulova anakula kumangolira, ndi Democrats Social kodi si zifukwa chidaliro anthu. magulu ambiri chikhalidwe kutaya pansi, kugwa maziko a moyo wawo.

opanga Small Ndikouuma, zodzudzula boma la demokalase ku mavuto awo. Ambiri anaona njira imeneyi, chimalimbitsa mphamvu ndi boma chipani chimodzi chokha. Mfundo ndi mofunitsitsa limodzi ndi osunga ndalama, ndipo amuna amalonda a zikuluzikulu, kuwathandiza NSDAP yokopa anthu kuti avotere. Onse obwera ndi chipani ichi ndipo panokha ndi zolinga Hitler mtundu lonse payekha. Pakuti olemera kwenikweni chinali protivokommunistichesky chotchinga. Mu July 1932, zotsatira woyamba analengeza: mipando 230 pa visola Reichstag ndi 133 ndi Democrats Social ndi wa Chikomyunizimu 89.

wagawo

Monga mbali ya chipanichi mu 1944, panali naini Angeschlossene Verbände - adjoint mabungwe, seveni Gliederungen der Partei - magawano chipani ndi mabungwe anayi. Mabungwe amene Mwawalumikiza ndi Nazi Party lopangidwa ndi maloya, aphunzitsi, ogwira ntchito m'boma, madokotala, amaphunzitsidwa, mgwirizano thandizo kwa anthu ovutika ndi nkhondo, chikhalidwe moyo wogwirizana ntchito kutsogolo ndi mgwirizano chitetezo. Iwo anali mu dongosolo la chipani mabungwe palokha ndi ufulu wovomerezeka ndi chuma.

chipani cha ndale cha ku Germany anali mayunitsi: Hitler, SS (mphamvu chitetezo), ndi SA (mkuntho troopers), German mabungwe atsikana, aphunzitsi, ana asukulu, akazi (NS-Frauenschaft), Makina Corps. Mabungwe amene adziphatika chipani cha Adolf Hitler, anali tikulephera, koma osati yaikulu kwambiri, ndi: Company Culture, Union of mabanja akuluakulu, ndi German mdera (Deutscher Gemeindetag) ndi "Ntchito ya akazi German" (Das Deutsche Frauenwerk).

utsogoleri magawano

Germany unagawidwa sate-firii Gaue - m'dera chipani, imodzimodzi ndi aphungu a. chiwerengero chawo zawonjezeka: mu 1941 zinali 43 Gow, kuphatikiza gulu yachilendo wa NSDAP. Gau ogaŵikana zigawo, ndipo iwo - nthambi wamba, etc. - ndi midadada cha ndende. Ku nyumba anali ophatikizana nyumba 60.

Aliyense gulu chipani wagawo lotsogoleredwa ndi Gauleiter, krayslyayter ndi zina zotero. Pansi zinalengedwa, motero, wa zida chipani, akuluakulu anali kanali, udindo ndi mawonekedwe, amene kukongoletsa zizindikiro Nazi. Mtundu buttonholes anatchula umembala ndi udindo m'gulu la Yehova.

nthambi

NSDAP kumvera osati mamembala awo phwando, koma chipani ndi ogwirizana mu Germany ndi m'mayiko mukukhala. Mu Italy, mpaka 1943 , Benito Mussolini anatsogolera National lopondereza Party (amakhulupirira kuti kunayambira Fascism anali basi pamenepo), ndiye inasanduka Republican Party lopondereza. Mu Spain, pali amadalira pa NSDAP Spanish phalange.

Komanso ntchito mabungwe ofanana mu Slovakia, Romania, Croatia, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Netherlands, Norway. Ndipo Belgium ndi Denmark analinso zenizeni maudindo NSDAP pa m'gawo lake, ngakhale zizindikiro Nazi lifanane pafupifupi mwathunthu. Tikumbukenso kuti onse limati zimenezi, pamene analenga Nazi Party, nawo ndi Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World kumbali ya Germany, ndi ku ukapolo Soviet anali oimira ambiri ochokera m'mayiko amenewa.

kugonjetsedwa

Agonje chopanda malire cha 1945 kutha kwa nkhanza kwambiri akunjoya nthawi opangidwa ndi anthu. NSDAP osati kusungunuka komanso konsekonse yoletsedwa, katundu ndi anagwira kwathunthu, mlandu ndi kuphedwa kwa atsogoleri. Komabe, anthu ambiri a chipani akadali anathawa ku South America, ku Spain bwanamkubwa wa Franco anathandiza imeneyi powapatsa zombo, ndi ang'onoang'ono.

Kusankha wa mgwirizano wotsutsa-lopondereza la Germany kwathunthu akukonza ndondomeko denazification, anthu achangu wa NSDAP anali kufufuzidwa makamaka: kuchotsedwa kwa kasamalidwe kapena kusukulu - ndi mtengo wochepa kwambiri kulipira zimene anachita m'dziko la Fascism.

nthawi unawonongedwa

Mu Germany mu 1964, fascism kudzutsa mutu wake kachiwiri. Zikuoneka Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands - National Democratic Party wa Germany, limene pabwino yokha wolowa mmalo mwa NSDAP. Kwa nthawi yoyamba kuchokera Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, ndi Wachiwiri-Nazi anayandikira Bundestag - 4.3% mu chisankho 1969. Mpaka NPD ku Germany anali Wachiwiri-Nazi ndipo zina maphunziro, Socialist Ulamuliro wa Nazi Party Remer Mwachitsanzo, koma tisaiwale kuti mwasintha kwambiri, palibe mmodzi wa iwo akwaniritsa pa mlingo la feduro.