Amphoteric hydroxides ndi zinthu zachilengedwe ziwiri

Pali hydroxides yomwe imayanjana ndi zidulo zonse ndi zitsulo, malingana ndi zikhalidwe. Mitundu iyi, yomwe ili ndi chilengedwe chachiŵiri, imatchedwa amphoteric hydroxides. Zimapangidwa ndi chitsulo chachitsulo ndi hydroxide ion, ngati zonse. Ma hydroxides okha omwe ali ndi zitsulo monga Be, Zn, Al, Pb, Sn, Ga, C, Fe, Cr (III), ndi zina zotero, amatha kukhala ngati zidulo ndi zida monga momwe tingawonere ku Periodic System D. I. Mendeleev, hydroxides ndi chilengedwe chachiwiri imapanga zitsulo, zomwe ziri pafupi kwambiri ndi zina zomwe sizinayambe. Zimakhulupirira kuti zinthu zoterezi ndi mawonekedwe achilendo, ndipo magawanowa ndi zitsulo komanso osakhala zitsulo zimakhala zosavuta.

Amphoteric hydroxides ndi olimba powdery bwino crystalline zinthu, zomwe kawirikawiri zimakhala zoyera, sizimasungunuka m'madzi, ndipo zimakhala ndi mphamvu zochepa (electrolytes zofooka). Komabe, zina mwazitsulozi zingathe kupasuka mu zidulo ndi alkali. Kusiyanitsa kwa "mankhwala awiri" mu njira zamadzimadzi zimayambira ndi mtundu wa zidulo ndi zitsulo. Izi zimatheka chifukwa chakuti mphamvu yosungira pakati pa zitsulo ndi ma atomu a oxygen (Me-O) ndi pakati pa mpweya ndi maatomu a hydrogen (О-Н) ndi ofanana, i.es. Ine-O-H. Chifukwa chake, zomangira izi zidzathyoledwa panthawi imodzi, ndipo izi-zimagwirizanitsa ndi zida zowonjezera H + ndi anions OH-.

Amphoteric hydroxide - Be (OH) ₂ iwonetsetse chikhalidwe chachiwiri cha mankhwalawa. Tiyeni tione momwe zimachitikira beryllium hydroxide ndi asidi ndi maziko.

1. Khalani (OH) ₂ + 2HCl -BeCl2 + 2H2O.

2. Khalani (OH) ₂ + 2KOH-K ₂ [Khalani (OH) ₄ ] - tetrahydroxoberyllate ya potaziyamu.

Pachiyambi choyamba, kuchitapo kanthu kosalephereka kumachitika, zotsatira zake ndi kupanga mchere ndi madzi. Pachiwiri chachiwiri, zomwe zimachitika ndi mankhwala ovuta. Kutenga kwadzidzidzi kumakhala kwa onse hydroxides, popanda chokha, koma kugwirizana ndi zofananako ndi khalidwe la amphoteric okha. Mitundu iwiriyi iwonetsetsanso mankhwala ena amphoteric - oxides ndi zitsulo zokha, zomwe zimapangidwira.

Mankhwala ena a hydroxides otere adzakhala chikhalidwe pa zifukwa zonse:

Kuwonongeka kwa kutenthedwa kwa madzi, zotengera zomwe zimagwira ntchito - zowonjezera oksidi ndi madzi: Khalani (OH) _2- BeO + H ₂ O.

2. Kuchitapo kanthu kwa neutralization ndi zidulo.

3. Kuchita ndi acidic oxides.

Ndiponso, kumbukirani kuti pali zinthu zomwe amphoteric hydroxides sizigwirizana, mwachitsanzo, Mankhwalawa samapita, ndi:

1. Zosasintha;
2. Zipangizo;
3. Maziko osasungunuka;
4. Amphoteric hydroxides.
5. Avereji amchere.

Mafakitalewa amakonzedwa ndi mpweya ndi alkali njira zowonjezereka za mchere:

BeCl ₂ + 2CON-Be (OH) ₂ + 2KCl.

Mchere wa zinthu zina zomwe zimayambitsa izi zimapanga hydrate, zomwe zimakhala zofanana ndi za awiri-chilengedwe hydroxides. Makhalidwe omwe ali ndi ziwalo ziwiri amaphatikizapo kupanga mchere, monga momwe amapezera m'chilengedwe (bauxite, goethite, etc.).

Choncho, amphoteric hydroxides ndi zinthu zopanda kanthu zomwe, malinga ndi chikhalidwe cha mankhwala omwe amachitira nawo, akhoza kuchita monga maziko kapena monga zidulo. Nthawi zambiri zimayenderana ndi amphoteric oxides okhala ndi zitsulo zofanana (ZnO-Zn (OH) _2, BeO-Be (OH) ₂ ), etc.).