Ethology - sayansi ya khalidwe la zinyama

Munthu amatha kusamalira khalidwe la nyama, kuyesa kumvetsetsa ndi kumasulira chinenero chawo. Pali sayansi yapadera yokhudza khalidwe la nyama. Zokhudza izo ndi zinthu zomwe zili mu phunzirolo zidzakambidwa m'nkhaniyi.

Kodi sayansi ikuphunzira chikhalidwe cha nyama?

Makhalidwe a zinyama kuchokera kumlengalenga, kusinthika kwa nyama kumaloko kumaphunziridwa ndi malembo ovomerezeka. Mawu mu Chigriki amatanthawuza "kuphunzira za khalidwe." Izi ndizo sayansi ya khalidwe la zinyama m'thupi. Anthu, pophunzira mwakhama zizoloŵezi za zinyama, akatswiri otchedwa ethologists, samalirani kwambiri za chikhalidwe choyambirira. Amaphunziranso mitundu ija ya khalidwe la nyama zomwe zimafotokozedwa ndi zomwe zinaphatikizapo potsata chitukuko cha mbiri. Kuchokera nthawi yomwe akatswiri a zamoyo, K. Lorenz ndi N. Tinbergen, asayansi apeza maziko ake,

• Dziwani zomwe zimayambitsa zikhalidwe za khalidwe;
• Kuti mudziwe momwe khalidweli limakhalira pa chitukuko cha nyama;
• Kuti tipeze chomwe chiri chofunikira pa moyo wa chirombo;
• Kuti mumvetse momwe kusintha kwa khalidweli kumachitikira.

Mafunso a chiphunzitsochi ndi omveka bwino, ndipo mikangano imayambira pa njira zafukufuku. Asayansi ena amakhulupirira, ndipo ambiri a iwo, kuti n'zotheka kuchita zochitika mwachilengedwe basi. Lingaliro la ochirikiza chiphunzitso cha anthropogenic lachepetsa kuchepetsa kuzindikira ufulu wa zinyama m'zochitika za anthu. Ena amakhulupirira kuti ethology ili ndi ufulu wogwiritsa ntchito njira zoyesera zoopsychology: modeling, experiment, experiments.

Makhalidwe a zinyama

Ethologists amaphunzira khalidwe ngati mgwirizano wambiri wa zinyama ndi dziko lozungulira. Chikhalidwe chimatanthauza ntchito iliyonse yomwe munthu amasonyeza. Zimatanthauzidwa ndi malingaliro awiri: yankho la umodzi ndi khalidwe lachilengedwe. Kuphatikizidwa kwa malingaliro kumasonyeza kugwirizana kwa ogwirizana. Khalidwe lachilengedwe ndi khalidwe lovuta, lofanana ndi magawo a moyo, mwachitsanzo, chakudya, chitetezo, kufufuza, makolo, ndi ena.

Chifukwa cha zozizwitsa za zinyama, sayansi ya chikhalidwe cha zinyama yatsimikiza kuti, mwachitsanzo, agalu amadya zakudya zamadzi ndi madzi oima, ndipo zidutswa zovuta zimadya pansi, amadya khalidwe. Kusamalira ana awo pakati pa zimbalangondo za polar, pamene chimbalangondo chimakhala ndi miyezi ingapo ndi ana mu dzenje, amawadyetsa, amawopetsa katundu wawo, amawona khalidwe la makolo.

Kodi zochitika za akatswiri otchedwa ethologists zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti?

Kudziwa zamatsenga n'kofunika, makamaka, kufotokoza khalidwe la nyama. Njira zomwe akatswiri otchedwa ethologists amagwira ntchito zimathandiza kuti mudziwe zambiri zokhudzana ndi zinyama, kuti afotokoze maganizo awo pa khalidwe lawo.

Sayansi ya chikhalidwe cha zinyama imapereka chidziwitso chofunikira pa zoweta zinyama. Zolemba zamatsenga za ana aakazi zimalola abambo kudziwa nthawi yomwe akupereka. Mwachitsanzo, pakuwona kuti ng'ombeyo yakhala yosasinthasintha, malo osintha nthawi zonse, kuyesera kuchoka pantchito, wofalitsa amazindikira kuti ndikofunikira kukonzekera maonekedwe a watsopano wamba. Zochitika za khalidwe la mahatchi zimasonyeza kuti nyamazi ndi zovuta kwambiri. Mlimi kapena mphunzitsi ayenera kulingalira chidziwitso cha chidziwitso, chomwe chimasonyeza kuti akavalo ali osasangalatsa kwambiri mwa anthu. Amayankha ndi kukhulupilira ndi kumvera okha omwe amawasamalira, kulemekeza ndi kuwathokoza.

Popanda chidziwitso, ophunzitsa ndi ovuta. Deta pazoyankha zowononga zinyama, zomwe zimapereka chiphunzitso (sayansi ya khalidwe la nyama), lolani kupewa ngozi. Kotero, powona zofooka ndi kusasuntha kwa kambuku, wophunzitsa amaletsa chirombocho kuti chisamenyane. Pogwira ntchito limodzi ndi aphunzitsi, wophunzirayo ayenera kuganizira zotsatira za chiphunzitsocho, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti nyamazi sizikhala ndi zoterezi - zimangowonetsera ubwino - kuyesetsa kuteteza.

Zochitika zochititsa chidwi zosangalatsa

Zindikirani zinyama ndi zokondweretsa kwambiri.

• Ngati otter akugona pamimba ndi kumagwira pazinthu zawo, ndiye kuti akugona.
• Anyamata-anyamata akuchita masewera ndi atsikana-atsikana nthawi zambiri amataya, kuwapatsa mwayi wokondwera ndi chigonjetso.
• Pali zinyama, monga mapuloteni omwe amaleredwa ndi ana aakazi ena.
• Ng'ombe ndi abwenzi enieni. Amatha kukhala mabwenzi, ndi mnzanu amathera nthawi yambiri, kulankhula naye, kumusamalira.