Chiwerengero cha zinthu zakuthupi - maziko a kuphunzira zamagetsi

Pakusintha kuchokera ku zinthu zakuthambo, timatha kuona momwe magulu a zinthu ndi zinthu zosiyana zimasiyana. Dziko lapansili limakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso yambiri. Chiwerengero cha zinthu zakuthupi sichimangomvetsetsa kuwonjezeka kumeneku, komanso chimabweretsa maziko omveka bwino a sayansi.

Chiphunzitso cha mankhwalawa chinasankhidwa monga maziko a kugawidwa kwa mankhwala mankhwala ndi makalasi. Maziko a kuphunzira zachilengedwe akugwira ntchito ndi kalasi yambiri, yomwe nthawi zambiri imatchedwa kuti yaikulu ya zinthu zina - ma hydrocarboni. Oimira ena a dziko lonse lapansi amaonedwa kuti ndi omwe amachokera. Zoonadi, pakuphunzira momwe zimakhalira, sizowona kuti kugawa kwa zinthu izi kumachitika mwa kuika (kusintha) mmalo a hydrocarbon imodzi, ndipo nthawi zina maidrojeni angapo amalumikizana, ndi maatomu a zinthu zina zamagulu, ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale ndi nthambi zamphamvu.

Chiwerengero cha zinthu zakuthupi zochokera ku ma hydrocarboni komanso chifukwa cha kuphweka kwake, ndipo gawo la hydrocarbon ndilo gawo lalikulu kwambiri la mankhwala odziwika bwino kwambiri. Pakalipano, mwa mankhwala onse odziwika okhudzana ndi dziko la mankhwala, mapangidwe okhudzana ndi ubale wa carbon-hydrogen ali ndi zofunikira kwambiri. Zinthu zina zonse ndizochepa, zimawalola kuti zikhale zosiyana ndi malamulo, kapena osakhazikika zomwe zimavuta kuzipeza ngakhale nthawi yathu.

Dongosolo la zinthu zakuthupi pogawa magulu ndi magawo osiyanasiyana zimapangitsa kusiyanitsa mitundu ikuluikulu ya organic acyclic and cyclic compounds. Dzina lawo lomweli limatithandiza kuti tipeze yankho la mtundu wa makina a zomangamanga. Pachiyambi choyamba, ndi mndandanda wa ma hydrocarbon, ndipo m'chigawo chachiŵiri, moleculeyo ndi mphete.

Mapuloteni amatha kukhala ndi nthambi, ndipo amatha kupanga makina ophweka. Pakati pa mayina a zinthu zimenezi mungapezeke mawu akuti "mafuta kapena aliphatic hydrocarbons." Zitha kukhala zolepheretsa (ethane, isobutane, ethyl alcohol) kapena unsaturated (ethylene, acetylene, isoprene), malingana ndi mtundu wina wa magetsi.

Dongosolo la zinthu zakuthupi zokhudzana ndi makina a njinga zimatanthauza kupatulidwa kwawo kukhala gulu la carbocyclic ndi gulu la hacarocyclic hydrocarboni.

Carbocyclic "mphete" zimangokhala ndi ma atomu a mpweya. Zitha kukhala alicyclic (zodzaza ndi unsaturated), ndipo zingakhalenso zonunkhira za carbocyclic. Mu makina alicyclic, mapeto awiri a kaboni amangodziphatikizana, pamene mankhwala odzola mumapangidwe awo ali ndi mphete yotchedwa benzene, yomwe imakhudza kwambiri katundu wawo.

Mu heterocyclic substances, munthu amatha kupeza maatomu a zinthu zina, kawirikawiri ntchitoyi imapangidwa ndi nayitrogeni.

Chotsatira chotsatira chomwe chimakhudza katundu wa zinthu zakuthupi ndi kukhalapo kwa gulu logwira ntchito.

Ma halojenika a hydrocarboni, imodzi kapena maatomu angapo a halogen akhoza kugwira ntchito monga gulu logwira ntchito. Alcohols amatenga katundu wawo chifukwa cha magulu a hydroxo. Kwa aldehydes, chinthu choyimira ndicho kukhalapo kwa magulu aldehyde, chifukwa cha ketoni - magulu a carbonyl. Mitengo ya carboxylic acid imasiyana mosiyana ndi momwe magulu awo amaphatikizapo magulu a carboxyl, ndipo amines ali ndi amino gulu. Mitundu ya nitro imadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa gulu la nitro.

Mitundu ya mitundu ya hydrocarbon, komanso katundu wawo, imachokera ku mitundu yosiyana kwambiri ya kuphatikiza. Mwachitsanzo, mawonekedwe a molekyu amodzi akhoza kuphatikiza awiri kapena angapo ofanana, ndipo nthawi zina magulu ogwira ntchito, akudziwitsanso zinthu zina zomwe zimapezeka (aminoacetic acid, glycerin).

Gome, lomwe lingapangidwe mosavuta malinga ndi zomwe tafotokozedwa m'nkhani ino, lidzawonekera kwambiri pakuganizira za nkhaniyi.