Zigawo zakale zamtundu: lembani. Maunitelo autali wamaluwa

M'dziko lamakono, mawu apadera amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeza kutalika, voliyumu, kulemera. Makhalidwe a zowonongeka izi ndizofotokozedwa momveka bwino muzigawo zakhazikika. Asanayambe kukhazikitsidwa kwa miyezo yoyenera kuti adziwe kukula kwa zinthu kapena mtunda, magulu akale a mayeso anagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Mbiri

Anthu omwe anali ndi moyo, zankhondo ndi zamalonda kwa nthawi yaitali ankayenera kudziwa kuchuluka kwa katundu pa nthawi ya kusinthanitsa, kuwerengera malo, kuyerekezera kutalika kwa mizinda, ndikugwiritsa ntchito miyeso yomanga. Kuwona kwa chikhalidwe chomwe chinaperekedwa mothandizidwa ndi miyeso yakale sikungatsimikizidwe. Miyendo yakale kwambiri ya muyeso ndi miyezo yovomerezeka, malingaliro a munthu wamakono, osamvetsetseka mwamtheradi mu zopanda pake.

Mwachitsanzo, "nsapato ya kavalo" ya ku Japan - nthawi yomwe kavalo amavala kavalo wamadzi; "Beech" wa Siberia - mtengo umene maso a munthu amasiya kusiyanitsa nyanga za ng'ombe; "Miyeso" ya Chigriki ndi mtunda woyenda ndi sitepe yodalirika kuyambira nthawi yoyambira kumadzulo kupita ku mawonekedwe onse a dzuwa pamwambapa; Persian "farces" - muyeso wa kutalika komwe ungadutse mu ola limodzi.

Mbiri yakale inabweretsa chidziwitso chokhudza momwe zikhalidwe zakale zakale zidagwiritsidwira ntchito ndi makolo athu. Kuti tipeze zoyenera, tinagwiritsa ntchito zomwe nthawi zonse zinali nafe ndipo zingatengedwe ngati gawo limodzi. Monga chipangizo choyezera chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ziwalo za thupi la umunthu ndi mphamvu zake zakuthupi: sitepe, wolowa manja, golidi, span, sazhen, phazi, inchi.

Kale Russia

Wakale wakale amadziwika ndi mafotokozedwe oyenerera poyesa kutalika - "kugwedeza," "kuthawa kwavi," "tsiku la msewu." Malingaliro ophiphiritsira ameneŵa anali kugwiritsidwa ntchito kokha kwa magwero omwe anachita izi. Panalinso maulendo ena akuluakulu a ku Russia omwe anali kutalika kwa kutalika kwake. Munda - mtunda wofanana ndi masamba 20 - ukufotokozedwa ndi Epiphanius Wochenjera. Gawo limodzi la theka la hafu - linagwiritsidwa ntchito pansi pa Ivan The Terrible.

Miyambo yamakedzana ndi sayansi yomwe imaphunzira zigawo zakale za kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa thupi. Mu kachitidwe kakang'ono akale, miyeso ya miyeso sichiwerengedwa ndi chiwerengero cha madimali. Zotsatira zina zingathe kufanana wina ndi mzake:

• Sazhen - ndi ofanana ndi 3 arshinam,
• Span - masentimita 4,
• Zokopa - masentimita awiri,
• Kutentha - 2,
• Vuto - 500 fathoms.

Pofuna kupeŵa chisokonezo, panali mndandanda wapadera, momwe chiŵerengero cha mayendedwe anakhazikitsidwa. Komabe, sakanakhoza kuvomerezedwa ngati miyezo yeniyeni, chifukwa ngakhale msinkhu ungakhale wosiyana kukula. Zigulu zakale za muyeso wa zinyama zakuthupi zimakhala ndi mndandanda waukulu, zovuta kumvetsetsa munthu wamakono. Zakale zakawerengero zakale - mbiya khumi ndi ziwiri (zidutswa 12), masentimita makumi asanu (200 zidutswa), misa (144 maiko) - mu nthawi yathu akhoza kuimiridwa ngati mawonekedwe a decimal decimal.

Kupanga Miyezo Yoyenera mu Russia

Miyendo yakale ya muyeso ku Russia inagwiritsidwa ntchito mu magawo onse a ntchito za anthu. Kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 1600, dziko la Russia linayesa kufotokoza maonekedwe a ma uniform. M'zaka za zana la XVIII, pokhudzana ndi chitukuko cha malonda akunja, padali kusowa kofunikira zowononga. Zinaoneka kuti ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya miyeso yodalirika, kulengedwa kwa miyezo sikophweka. Pofika m'chaka cha 1736, boma la Senate linakhazikitsa Komiti ya Zolemera ndi Zolemba motsogoleredwa ndi Count Golovkin.

Panthawiyo, ndalama zasiliva ndi zitsulo zamtengo wapatali zinayesedwa pamene ankatumizidwa kunja kwa miyambo komanso povomerezeka ku minti - anthu ambiri ponseponse anali osiyana. Miyeso ya miyambo ya miyambo ya St. Petersburg, yotumizidwa ku Senate, idatengedwa ngati chitsanzo. Wolamulira wa Peter I anatengedwa ngati kutalika kwa kutalika kwake. Chetverik Moscow Customs amadziwika kuti ndilo gawo losalekeza.

Mchitidwe wogwirizanitsa dongosolo ku Ulaya ndi Russia

Ngakhale panthawi ya ulamuliro wa Peter Wamkulu, dziko la Russia linalandira mbali yachingelezi ya England. Kusintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka mizinda kunayambika kuti pakhale malonda ndi mayendedwe apadziko lonse, ntchito yapadera ya mapazi, mayadi ndi mainchesi omwe analandira mu zomangamanga. Pansi pa Nicholas I mu Oktoba 1835, lamulo lovomerezedwa lomwe linatsimikizira dongosolo la Russia ndi miyeso. Chakumapeto kwa mwezi wa May 1875, nthumwi za Russia za tsarist zinagwirizana ndi Metric Convention. Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev anadalira kwambiri kugwira ntchito pa lamulo pa miyala, yomwe inangochitika mu 1917 yokha basi.

Pa January 1, 1927, dongosolo la Nuremberg la zolemera lomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi asamalonda linasinthidwa ndi machitidwe a miyala.

Zakale zamakono mchitidwe ndi chilengedwe

Mukulankhulana kwa tsiku ndi tsiku kwa munthu wa ku Russia wamakono, zigawo zakale za muyeso ndi mawu omwe amawasonyeza iwo amasungidwa mu mawu omwe amapezeka m'kamwa mwamwayi:

• Lembani makalata - kulemba zazikulu,
• Zisanu ndi ziwiri zamphumi pamphumi - chizindikiro cha malingaliro,
• Kolomna ndithu ndi munthu wamtali kwambiri,
• Mng'alu womangira pamapewa - munthu wokhala ndi mphamvu,
• Kuchokera mu mphika mainchesi awiri - kukula pang'ono.

Mafotokozedwe akale angapezeke m'mabuku ofotokozera zochitika zakale, m'zilembo ndi m'nthano.

Kutalika

Zakale zakale zomwe zinagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Russia pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Chigamulo mu 1835 ndi pamaso pa 1917:

• Nkhuni - pafupifupi masentimita awiri,
• Pang'ono ndi mamita 1,
• Vutoli - pafupifupi masentimita 4.5,
• Gawo limodzi ndi 17.8 centimita,
• Elbow - molingana ndi deta yosiyana kuyambira masentimita 38 mpaka 47,
• Kuthamanga - 71.12 masentimita,
• Mphindi - pafupifupi 30,5 centimita,
• Sazhen - mamita 2.14 (inavomerezedwa kuti igawidwe mu oblique sazhen -2,5 mamita ndi ntchentche - 1.76 mamita),
• 1 - makilomita 1.07.

Miyeso ina ya miyeso yakhazikitsidwa ndi makolo athu kuti adziwe malo. Zambiri zakuthupizi zinagwiritsidwa ntchito kudziwa kukula kwa nthaka, pomanga, kusewera. Zizindikiro izi zinkaperekedwa ngati chiwerengero chowerengera msonkho pamtunda. Zomwe zimatchuka kwambiri m'derali, mayina omwe angapezeke m'mabuku akale, ali ozungulira, pulawo, kotala, chakhumi.

Miyeso yaing'ono kwambiri yakale ya kutalika kwake, yogwiritsidwa ntchito mu metrology yamakono, ndi mizere. Njere za tirigu amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati maziko a mtengo. Chiwerengerochi chiri pafupifupi 2.5 mm.

Chiwerengero

Miyendo yakale ya miyeso yambiri ndi yamadzimadzi inali yotchedwa mkate ndi vinyo. M'zaka zapakati pa XV, zodabwitsa golovazhnya (thanki wamchere), mbale ndi kuyeretsa (tirigu) zinagwiritsidwa ntchito. Malingana ndi malo, Vyatka mkate marten, Smolensk cask, Permian Sapa, Old Russian lub ndi tsekwe zinali zosiyana.

Mu moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku ndi malonda kuyeza zogwiritsira ntchito zipangizo zapanyumba: zithupsa, mapepala, mbiya, korchagi, tubs, broths, timitengo. Mphamvu yamtundu woterewu imasinthasintha m'magulu osiyanasiyana: chophikiracho chikhoza kukhala kuchokera ku hafu ya chidebe kupita ku ndowa 20.

Kulemera

Mchitidwe wakale wa Rus Rus ankaphatikizapo zigawo zakale za minofu, popanda zomwe zinali zosatheka kuchita malonda. Zina mwa izo:

1. Gran - 0.062 magalamu, mankhwala osungirako mankhwala.
2. Zolotnik - 4,266 magalamu, ngati chilembo cholemera chinapulumuka mpaka zaka za makumi awiri, zinali zofanana ndi ndalama za dzina lomwelo.
3. Eyiti - 50 magalamu, dzina lake linatengera kulemera kwa 1/8 phindu la mapaundi.
4. Ambiri - 12,797 magalamu, anali ofanana ndi osula golide atatu.
5. Mapaundi - 410 magalamu, poyamba amatchedwa hryvnia. Ichi ndicho chiwerengero chachikulu cha malonda ogulitsa malonda ndi zojambulajambula, zofanana ndi osula golide okwana 96, zinagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti azindikire kulemera kwa zitsulo zamtengo wapatali.
6. Zakudya - makilogalamu 40, 16.38 makilogalamu. Zimadziwika kuti kugwiritsa ntchito chiyeso cholemera ichi chakhala chikufunikira kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 12. Iyo inathetsedwa kokha mu 1924.
7. Batman - 4,1 makilogalamu.
8. Berkovets - 163.8 makilogalamu, kuchuluka kwake kwalemera. Zinachitika kuchokera ku dzina la chilumba Bjerk. Zinali zofanana ndi zidole 10. Ndizodziwikiratu kuti ndikutchula izi muyeso wa mzaka za m'ma 1200.

Kuyeza miyeso yachilendo

Mu moyo wamakono, maziko a kayendedwe kake ndi kilogram, mita ndi yachiwiri. Mfundo izi ndizodziwika komanso zodalirika. Komabe, magulu akale a muyeso mufikiliya amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mayiko ena mpaka pano.

Dongosolo la Britain:

1. The English pint ndi pafupifupi 0.57 malita.
2. Mafuta olemera - 30 milliliters.
3. Ng'ombe - kwa zinthu zosiyana ndizomwe zimakhala zosiyana kwambiri, zofanana ndi pafupifupi 159 malita. Angatumikire ngati mlingo wa mafuta, omwe amadziwika kuti mowa, "French", "English" mbiya.
4. Carat - 0,2 magalamu. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kudziwa misa yamtengo wapatali.
5. Zonsezi ndi magalamu 28.35. Ankayeza kulemera kwa zitsulo zamtengo wapatali.
6. Pounds la Chingerezi ndi 0.45 kilogalamu.

Zigawo za China:

1. 1 li - 576 mamita.
2. 1 liang - 37.3 magalamu.
3. 1 cm - 0,32 cm.

Kwa nthawi yaitali, anthu ankafunikira dongosolo loyesa kuchuluka kwa thupi. Zinali zofunikira kuyeza kulemera kwake ndi kulemera kwake, kudziwa mtunda, kudziwa nthawi. Kufunika kwa miyezo yolondola kunakula ndi chitukuko cha anthu. Mu moyo wamakono, mawu atsopano amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeza kukula, koma kawirikawiri muzinthu zongopeka kapena mukulankhulana kwa tsiku ndi tsiku, miyeso yakale imawombera. Kudziwa zamtengo wapatali, zomwe zimatanthauzira deta yamtundu, zimakupatsani kusunga mbiri.