Boma Senate: ntchito. Creation ya seneti

Mu nthawi ya Petra Velikogo mu Russia anaonekera boma Senate. M'zaka ziwiri, ulamuliro anthu nthawi zambiri reformatted monga mwa chifuniro cha mfumu ina.

The zikamera wa Senate

Senate boma analengedwa ndi Peter Ine monga "khushoni chitetezo" mu chochitika kuchoka ku likulu mwayekha. mfumu ankadziwika khalidwe yake yogwira - anali nthawi zonse paulendowu, nchifukwa chake boma makina kulibe akhoza osagwiranso ntchito kwa miyezi. Zinali ndalama zithunzi absolutism. Petro analidi umunthu chabe la mphamvu ya boma mu ufumu waukulu.

The original boma Senate (1711) anadza mnzake wapamtima ndi ogwira mfumu, amene ziwanda wake chidaliro yaitali. Pakati pawo, Peter Golitsyn, Mihail Dolgorukov Gregory Volkonsky ndi ena olemekezeka udindo wapamwamba.

Creation wa Senate pansi Peter 1 zachitikira pamene panalibe kulekanitsa bwino mphamvu mu Russia (zotuluka bwanayu ndi malamulo). Choncho, mndandanda wa mphamvu za thupi zikusintha malinga ndi vuto ndi zoyenerera.

Pofuna wake woyamba wa Petro senators analengeza kuti ayenera kulipira mwapadera kwa chuma cha boma, malonda ndi ziwiya. Nkofunika kuti bungwe sizinachitikepo kutsutsidwa kwa mfumu. Pa nthawi yomweyo Russian Senate anali wosiyana kwambiri ndi dzina chomwecho mu thupi la Poland wapafupi kapena Sweden. Pali bungwe ankaimira zofuna za apamwamba, amene akanatha kuchita ndi malamulo a mfumu awo.

Mogwirizana ndi zigawo

Kuchokera pa chiyambi zake, Senate Government ntchito ndi zigawo. Ikulu Russia wakhala zofunika dongosolo bwino mgwirizano pakati pa zigawo ndi likulu. Mu kuchiyang'anira Petro anali kuipidwa malamulo maukonde. Mogwirizana ndi kukonza zikuluzikulu muzochitika zones za moyo, iwo asiya ntchito.

Kuti chigawo Peter analenga. Aliyense chilli utsogoleri walandira Commissioner awiri. akuluakulu agwiritsa ntchito mwachindunji ndi Senate ndi aonetsa chidwi St. Petersburg Province. Mothandizidwa ndi kukonza pamwamba Mfumu wakulitsidwa kuchuluka kwa wodzilamulira mu zigawo.

Fiscals ndi Maloya

Kumene, kulengedwa kwa Senate sakanakhoza kuchita wopanda kukhazikitsidwa kwa posts latsopano zokhudzana ndi ntchito yake. Pamodzi ndi limba latsopano anaonekera sneaks. akuluakulu anali oyang'anira mfumu. Ankalamulira ntchito mabungwe ndi kuonetsetsa kuti malangizo onse a mfumu anachita chimodzimodzi kwa ndemanga yotsiriza.

Kupezeka kwa sneaks zinachititsa kuti nkhanza. munthu amene anali ndi mphamvu kwambiri, iye akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito udindo wake chifukwa cha dyera. Nthawi yoyamba kunalibeko chilango kaamba chidzudzulo onyenga. Mogwirizana ndi maganizo sneaks utumiki mu Chirasha kuti walandira zoipa chachiwiri lexical tanthauzo kazitape ndi Amazemba.

Komabe, chilengedwe cha positi chinali muyeso kutero. The kazitape aakulu (mtsogoleri kazitape) kufuna kufotokozera kwa olamulira mu Senate. Chifukwa izi zilili zonse zabwino kaya kutalika kwa malo ake, iye ankadziwa kuti nkhanza wake mphamvu amuphe. Fiscals analipo osati St. Petersburg, komanso m'madera (zigawo-fiscals).

mofulumira kwambiri, kulengedwa kwa Senate anasonyeza kuti ulamuliro onse sangathe ntchito bwino chifukwa cha infighting pakati senators lapansi. Nthawi zambiri iwo sakanakhoza kubwera kwa lingaliro wamba, wadutsa mu kutsutsana kwawo pa munthu, ndi zina zotero. D. Izi akulephera ntchito zida lonse. Peter ndiye mu 1722 analenga malo Bwanamkubwa-General, amene wakhala munthu waukulu mu Senate. Iye anali "mlatho" pakati pa mfumu ndi bungwe matauni.

Mu nthawi ya coups yachifumu

Pambuyo pa imfa ya autocrat ntchito ya Senate kwa nthawi yoyamba kwambiri udzachepetsedwa. Izi zinachitika chifukwa chakuti unakhazikitsidwa ndi Supreme atamva Council, amene anakhala ophunzira otsatirawa Catherine Ine ndi Peter II. Iye wakhala ndi njira kwa Senate ndi pang'onopang'ono analanda mphamvu zake.

Elizaveta Petrovna pambuyo inalowa wake wachifumu kubwezeretsa kuti akale. The Senate ayambanso waukulu milandu bungwe la ufumuwo, iye anali wamng'ono kwa gulu lankhondo ndi panyanja.

Catherine II kusintha

Choncho, kodi ntchito anasonyeza mwa seneti boma, ife kumvetsa. Tikumbukenso kuti zimenezi si lofanana de A Catherine II. The mfumukazi yatsopano anaganiza kusintha. zokakamiza unagawidwa m'madipatimenti asanu, aliyense udindo kwa kuchuluka zenizeni za ntchito boma. muyeso Zimenezi zathandiza kuti yeniyeni delineate mphamvu ya seneti.

Dipatimenti poyamba ankachita nawo zochitika mkati ndale, wachiwiri - khoti. Chachitatu - zigawo, amene anali ndi udindo wapadera (Estonia, Livonia, ndi Little Russia), wachinayi - usilikali ndipo zochitika apanyanja. mabungwe awa anali mu St. Petersburg. Anthu awiri otsalawo anali kuyang'anira Moscow dipatimenti ya bwalo ndi zochitika utsogoleri. Apa pali chimene ntchito anapatsidwa boma Senate pansi Catherine II.

Mfumukazi komanso kumadalira mphamvu ya loya wa boma pa ntchito m'madi- onse. Pa nthawi ya coups yachifumu , positi anataya kufunika kwake kale. Ekaterina wakonda kusunga zonse pansi pa ulamuliro ndipo motero anabwezeretsa dongosolo la Petro autocracy.

Pa yochepa ulamuliro wa mwana wake Paulo Senate iye anataya kwambiri ufulu wawo. Mfumu yatsopano ankangokayikira kwambiri. Iye akakhonda kunyndira ambuye, amene ziwanda osachepera kukopa n'kuyesa zimathandiza kuti chifukwa cha anthu kupanga zisankho.

Mu XIX atumwi

Pamene iye anali pa mapeto a linakhalapo (pamaso zitasintha), Senate boma unakhazikitsidwa mu ulamuliro wa Alexander I. Zinali ndiye kuti dziko m'ndale okhazikika ufumu. Anasiya nyumba coups, ndi cholowa cha mutu lachifumu unasiya kukhala ndi njuga.

Alexander Mwina ambiri mwa demokalase okonda Russian mfumu. Iye ali nawo manja awo pa boma, ntchito pa njira chakale zomwe zingafunike kuti lisinthidwe mwachangu. Mfumu yatsopanoyi anamvetsa kuti kulengedwa kwa Senate (chaka cha 1711-TH) ankawalangiza chifukwa zolinga zabwino koma ankaona kuti pa zaka thupi ili wataya kufunika ndi inasanduka onyenga chisoni yekha.

Chikadzangotha maonekedwe ake pa mpando wachifumu, Alexander I mu 1801 anapereka lamulo limene anapereka kwa akuluakulu ntchito mu bungwe ili, kuti adzalipereka kwa ntchito zawo pa kusintha m'tsogolo. Miyezi ingapo panali kukambirana yogwira ntchito pa reformatting ya Senate. zokambirana panafika mamembala a komiti chinsinsi - olemekezeka wamng'ono, ndi mabwenzi a Alexander mu chiyambi chake owolowa manja.

patsogolo

Senators asankhidwa kuti malo ake ndi Mfumu yekha. Iwo akhoza kukhala yekha akuluakulu a magulu atatu oyamba (malinga ndi Table a maudindo). Theoretically, ndi aphungu akhoza kuphatikiza udindo zikuluzikulu ndi zina. Mwachitsanzo, kudzudzula kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa nkhani ya nkhondo.

kuchitapo kanthu mwamsanga pa nkhani makamaka anapangidwa makoma a Dipatimenti makamaka. Pa nthawi yomweyo, nthawi msonkhano onse kumene mamembala onse a Senate pano. Lamulo, wadutsa mu thupi ili boma akanangokhoza chochotsa Mfumu.

ntchito

Tiyeni tikumbukire, Senate boma analengedwa mu chaka chomwe. Ndiko kulondola, mu 1711, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo akuluakulu anayambitsa zonse nawo malamulo. Mu njira ya kusintha ake, Alexander ndachilenga Mwaichi wapadera bungwe - Bungwe la State. Komabe, Senate akhoza kuyamba malamulo kusodza akamufunsirire kwa kuganizira apamwamba mwa nduna za chilungamo, yemwenso ndi XIX m'ma ophatikizana positi wakale wa Bwanamkubwa-General watsopano.

Pa nthawi yomweyo pa malo a Unduna wa matabwa zinalengedwa. Poyamba panali chisokonezo za ubale pakati pa mabungwe atsopano wamkulu ndi Senate. Mphamvu za mabungwe onse, pomaliza ya anthu ndi mapeto a ulamuliro wa Alexander I.

Imodzi mwa ntchito zofunikira kwambiri kwa Senate anayamba kugwira ntchito yake ndi Treasury. Iwo anatsimikizira m'madipatimenti bajeti, nawawuza mphamvu wapamwamba wa arrears ndi chosowa ndalama. Komanso, Senate waikidwa pa utumiki wa kuthetsa interagency mikangano katundu. ulamuliro onse adzakhala zonse malonda zoweta, woweruza yoikidwiratu. Senators anali armorial ufumu (chifukwa Dipatimenti imeneyi wapadera ngakhale Adalenganso).

Tanthauzo la Senate ndi chiyembekezo chakuti yake

Peter ndinkafuna boma bungwe kuti m'malo iye nthawi ya kusapezeka kwa likulu. mfumu Zimenezi zinathandiza chilengedwe wanyumbayi. Tsiku zosayembekezereka wa malo Bwanamkubwa-General (1722) Komanso ankaona kuti kubadwa kwa Office Loya ku Russia.

Komabe, ndi nthawi ntchito za Senate anasintha. Akuluakulu a zamalamulo sanali lalikulu, koma iwo anali wosanjikiza zofunika pakati pa matabwa angapo (pambuyo Ministries).

kufunika otchuka mu zochitika za Senate anali bwalo. kuchonderera akhamukira ku kuzungulira dziko. The Senate analemba amakhumudwa Maloya akuzigawo ndi akazembe. kuti chinakhazikitsidwa pambuyo kusintha milandu la Alexander II mu 1860s ndi.

Pamene Russian Bolsheviks anayamba kulamulira, iwo anali mmodzi wa oyamba a malamulo ake analetsa ntchito ya Senate. Ilo linali lamulo la khoti nambala 1 anavomera pa 5 December 1917.