Kusintha Russian Mfumukazi Catherine I. The zaka za boma, zoweta ndi achilendo mfundo

Ngakhale kuti ambiri asayansi aakulu atagwirizana ntchito mwayi mu mbiriyakale, izo sizingakanidwe kuti Catherine Ine anakwera wachifumu Russian kwakukulukulu ngozi. Malamulo ndi yaitali - pang'ono kuposa zaka ziwiri. Komabe, ngakhale ngati yochepa ulamuliro, iye wakhala mu mbiri monga mfumukazi choyamba.

Wa washerwomen mu Mfumukazi

March Skavronskaya, umene posachedwapa kuzindikirike ndi dziko monga Mfumukazi Catherine 1 anabadwa pa dera la Lithuania masiku ano, m'mayiko a Livonia, mu 1684. mfundo zolondola zokhudza ubwana wake kumeneko. Ambiri, tsogolo Catherine 1, amene yonena m'malo osokoneza ndiponso nthawi zina zimakhala zosokoneza, malinga n'kunena kwa Baibulo lina, anabadwa mu banja wamba. makolo ake posachedwa anafa nthendayo, ndipo mtsikana imatumizidwa ku nyumba ya abusa monga wantchito. Malinga ndi Baibulo lina, Marta moyo zaka khumi ndi azakhali ake, ndipo kenako anaonekera mu banja la wansembe wa m'deralo, amene anali mu utumiki ndiponso kuphunzira kuwerenga ndi needlework. Asayansi zikutsutsanazo za komwe tsogolo Ekaterina 1 anabadwa.

yonena

Ndipo chiyambi cha woyamba Russian mfumukazi, ndipo tsiku ndi malo a kubadwa kwake akadali si wokhazikitsidwa ndi azambiriyakale Russian. More kapena zochepa m'mbali mu historiography anakhazikitsa Baibulo, kutsimikizira kuti iye anali mwana wa munthu wamba Baltic Samuila Skavronskogo. Mu Catholic chikhulupiriro anabatizidwa mtsikana ngakhale makolo, kumupatsa dzina la Martin. Malinga ndi malipoti ena, iye analeredwa Marienburgskom kogona, kuyang'aniridwa ndi Pastor Glück.

Tsogolo Catherine sindili bwino m'kalasi. Koma ndikukuuzani kuti iye anali ndi zodabwitsa pafupipafupi zimasiyanasiyana Cavaliers. Pali ngakhale zomwe Marta woyembekezera ndi zina njonda, anabereka mwana wamkazi. Pastor anakwanitsa tikwatirane, koma mwamuna, amene anali Swedish dragoon, posachedwapa mbisoweka popanda kufufuza ndi pa nkhondo ya kumpoto.

Pambuyo pa adani a Marienburg Russian March, n'kukhala "zofunkha za pankhondo", pamene mbuye wa kapitawo sanali analamula, ndipo kenako mu August 1702 woyamba, anali mu convoy ya Field polimbana Boris Sheremetev. Iye mabanga wake, anatenga mkazi wake akusoka - ndi washerwoman, kenako posamutsa A. Menshikov. Apa ndi pamene iye anamugwira diso la Peter I.

Biographers Russian banja lachifumu ali ndikudabwa chomwe icho chingakhale analanda mfumu. Ndipotu, kukongola Martha anali. Komabe, pasanapite nthawi anakhala a mistresses wake.

1 Peter ndi Catherine 1

The March 1704th, malinga Orthodox mwambo, anabatizidwa mu dzina la Catherine I. Atakwanitsa anali ndi pakati. Tsogolo Mfumukazi anabatizidwa Tsarevich Alexei. Amene anali wokhoza mosavuta atengere ku mitundu yonse ya zinthu, Catherine sanasiye kukhalapo kwake kwa maganizo. Anaphunzira khalidwe labwino ndi makhalidwe a Peter, panafunika chimwemwe kwa iye, ndipo m'phiri. Mu March 1705 wachiwiri Iwo anali ndi ana awiri. Komabe, Catherine tsogolo Ndimakumbukirabe anapitiriza kukhala m'nyumba Menshikov ku St. Petersburg. Mu 1705th Mfumukazi tsogolo kubweretsa kunyumba ya mlongo wa mfumu Natalia Alekseevna. Osaphunzira pano washerwoman wayamba kuphunzira kuwerenga ndi kulemba. Malinga ndi malipoti ena, nthawi imeneyi tsogolo Catherine Ine zingwe ubale mokwanira pafupi ndi Menshikov.

Pang'onopang'ono, ubale ndi mfumu ndinafunitsitsa kwambiri. Izi zikuonekera bwino ndi makalata mu 1708. Petro anali mistresses ambiri. Iye ngakhale anakambirana ndi Catherine, koma iye anachita zimene anachita kunyozetsa, kuyesera kuti azolowere zokhumba mfumu ndi kuika ndi kuzaza lake la mkwiyo kukhala mbali imodzi. Iye anali pafupi pa khunyu wake khunyu, kugawana naye mavuto onse a moyo msasa ndipo mwakachetechete kutembenukira mu mkazi chenicheni cha mwayekha lapansi. Ndipo pamene nawo mwachindunji mu njira ya nkhani zambiri zandale za Catherine tsogolo Ndinayesetsa, koma mfumu anali ndi chikoka chachikulu pa.

Kuyambira 1709-TH ali paliponse limodzi ndi Peter, kuphatikizapo maulendo onse. Pa Prut ndawala 1711, pamene asilikali Russian anali atazunguliridwa, izo opulumutsidwa osati mwamuna wake watsogolo komanso asilikali, kupereka Turkey vizier zodzikongoletsera ake onse kumuthandiza kuti kulemba osayanjanitsika.

ukwati

Atabwerera ku likulu, makumi awiri wa February 1712, Peter ndi Catherine 1 1 m'banja. Kale obadwa mwa nthawi mwana wawo Anna, amene anadzakhala mkazi wa Duke wa Holstein, ndi Elizabeth - tsogolo Mfumukazi, pa usinkhu wa zaka zitatu ndi zisanu, pa ukwati anatumikirapo paguwa lansembe m'munsili madona. Ukwatiwo unachitika pafupifupi mwachinsinsi mu tchalitchi ang'ono, amene anali Prince Menshikov.

Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo Ndinali ndi Catherine pabwalo. Anayamba kulandira akazembe ena ndi kukumana ndi mafumu ambiri European. Monga mkazi wa mfumu wokonzanso, Ekaterina Velikaya - 1 Russian Mfumukazi - pa mphamvu ya chikhulupiriro ndi kupirira kwawo si wochepa ndi mwamuna wake. Mu nthawi kuchokera 1704 St kuti 1723rd anabereka ana khumi Peter, ambiri a iwo anafa ali wakhanda. Choncho mimba pafupipafupi sanaleke ku kuyenda ndi mwamuna wake ku maulendo ake ambiri: izo zikhoza kukhala mu hema ndi kugona pa bedi yovuta, osati pang'ono kung'ung'udza.

mtengo

Mu 1713, Peter Ine, anatamanda khalidwe yolemekezeka mkazi wake nthawi kulephera kwa Russian Prut msonkhano, anakhazikitsa dongosolo la St. Catherine. Iyeyo anaika zizindikiro pa mwamuna wake November 1714 TH. Izo poyamba ankatchedwa Order ya Kumasuka ndipo chinali chabe kwa Catherine. Pa zoyenereza za mkazi pa kudwala-fated Prut msonkhano, Peter ndinakumbukira mu Ndondomeko za coronation mkazi wake November 1723rd. Alendo ndi chidwi kwambiri akhale zonse zikuchitika mu khoti Russian, linagwirizana taonera chikondi mfumu cha Mfumukazi. Ndipo pa kampeni Persian mu 1722 Catherine ngakhale mbacinga ncisi munsolo ake ndipo anayamba kuvala Grenadier kapu. Iye anakhala ndi mwamuna perete lake la asilikali, kusiya mwachindunji ku nkhondo.

tsiku la makumi awiri wachitatu wa December 1721 bolodi ya Senate ndi Synod ya Russian Mfumukazi Catherine anavomereza. Makamaka coronation iye mu May 1724 woyamba anapatsidwa ndi korona, amene ndi ulemerero wake kuposa korona wa mfumu. Pa mutu wa mkazi wa khalidwe la Mfumu Peter yekha m'mandamo.

chithunzi

Malingaliro zimene kunja anali Catherine, otsutsana. Ngati mukumaika chidwi pa chilengedwe mwamuna wake, malingaliro a zabwino lonse, koma mkazi, kuchitira izo okondera, anakhulupirira lalifupi ake, wakuda ndi wakuda. Ndithudi, maonekedwe a Mfumukazi sanapange zambiri za zakukhudzani. Iye anali kokha kuyang'ana pa iye muzindikire chiyambi chake otsika. Diresi iye ankavala anali zachikale kalembedwe, kwathunthu mchimake ndi sequins siliva. Zakhala mudera kuti anali patsogolo ndi chokongoletsedwa ndi nsalu za miyala yamtengo wapatali kuchokera zojambula pachiyambi mwa maonekedwe a mphungu mitu iwiri. Pa mfumukazi nthawi zonse yambali Order, dazeni zithunzi ang'ono ndi zithumwa. Pamene iye anayenda, chuma chonse linalira.

mzere

Mmodzi mwa ana awo - Peter, amene, pambuyo abdication wa mfumu wolowa wamkulu wa Evdokia Lopukhina ankaona 1718 boma prestolonasledovatelem, mu 1719-mamita akufa. Choncho mfumu anali wokonzanso okha mkazi wake kuona m'malo mwake m'tsogolo. Koma mu chaka cha 1724 Mfumukazi choyamba, Peter amaganiziridwa woukira boma ndi kamera-cadet Mons. Iye anapha otsiriza, ndipo anasiya kulankhula ndi mkazi wake: sanalankhule, ndi chida chimenechi ndikoletsedwa. Kumulakalaka ena anakanthanso choopsa kwa mfumu, mu kukwiya kwake iye anang'amba chifuniro imene mpando wachifumu ankadutsa mkazi wake.

Ndipo kamodzi pa pempho zolaula wa mwana wake Elizabeti, Peter anavomera nkhomaliro ndi Catherine - mkazi amene anali bwenzi lake limodzi ndi wachiwiri kwa zaka zonse makumi awiri. Izo zinachitika mwezi asanamwalire mfumu. Mu January 1725 Wachiwiriyo anadwala. Catherine nthawi zonse anali pa bedi la mfumu kufa. Mu usiku TH 28 TH 29 Peter anaphedwa ndi mkazi wake.

Chitunda ufumu

Malinga ndi imfa ya mwamuna kapena mkazi, sanagone nthawi kulengeza chifuniro chake chatha, chigamulo cha funso motsatizana anachita chinkhoswe mu "Ambuye Wamkulu" - mamembala a Senate, ndi Synod, ndi akazembe, amene kale anali mu nyumba yachifumu ya twente-chiwiri wa January. Ena mwa iwo anali mbali ziwiri. Wina, wopangidwa mwa kukhala pamwamba kwambiri mphamvu boma umakhala ndi apamwamba, kutsogozedwa ndi European ophunzira Prince wotchedwa Dmitry Golitsyn. Pofuna kuchepetsa autocracy, yotsirizira akufuna kumanga pa mpando wachifumu wa Peter I - mdzukulu zazing'ono Petra Velikogo. Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti pa asiya uphungu wa mwanayo anali wotchuka kwambiri pakati kalasi Russian lolemera, amene ankafuna kupeza mu Kalanga ana mkulu wina amene angathe kubwezeretsa maudindo kale.

chigonjetso

Gulu lachiwiri anali kumbali ya Catherine. The kugawanika amavutika. Mothandizidwa ndi mnzake wakhala nthawi yaitali Menshikov ndi Buturlina Yaguzhinskii ndi kudalira Alonda, iye anakwera pa mpando wachifumu monga Catherine 1, nthawi ya ulamuliro umene kwa Russia kanthu wapadera sichinayambe chizindikiro. Iwo anali sakhalitsa. Mwa kugwirizana ndi Menshikov, Catherine chiyani saletsa mu zochitika za boma Komanso chitatu mu February 1726 anapatsa woyamba Russian kulamulira mu manja a Supreme atamva Council.

M'ndale dziko

State ntchito Catherine Ine zinali zochepa makamaka monga kusainira mapepala. Ngakhale ayenera kuti Mfumukazi anali ndi chidwi zochitika za zombo Russian. M'malo mwa dziko kwenikweni amalamulira Council atamva - thupi analenga atangotsala pang'ono kukwera ake ufumu. Mpheroyi Menshikov, G. Golovkin, FM Apraksin, D. Golitsyn, P. ndi A. Osterman Tolstoy.
Catherine 1 ulamuliro anayamba ndi chakuti misonkho akhala yafupika, ndi wakhululukidwa akaidi ambiri ku ukapolo. Choyamba chinali chifukwa cha kukwera mitengo ndi mantha chifukwa kusakhutira pakati pa anthu. Ena kusintha Catherine anathetsa chimodzi, kwa Petulo 1. Mwachitsanzo, kwambiri yafupika udindo wa Senate linathetsedwa ndi makonsolo, amene anasinthidwa mphamvu ya kazembe, ndi Commission, womwenso akazembe ndi flagships. Malinga ndi ochititsa kukonzanso uku, Catherine 1 iwo anali kusamalira bwino wa asilikali Russian.

mgwirizano wa mayiko

Ndipo ngati mkati Politika Ekateriny 1 adasokera njira ya nthawi Petro, mu nkhani ya mayiko onse anapita monga momwe Russia amapereka amanena Duke Charles Frederick, mkamwini wa Mfumukazi ndi bambo ake Peter 3, Schleswig. Denmark ndi Austria zaipiraipira nayedi. Mu 1726, dziko pafupi Soviet Vienna. Komanso, Russia akukhala Courland kwapadera chikoka ndi kuwatumiza kwa Menshikov monga wolamulira wa Duchy, koma am'deralo anakaniza. Pa nthawi yomweyo Catherine 1 mfundo yachilendo wabereka zipatso. Russia, ndi zokambirana akwaniritsa ku Persia ndi Turkey mu Caucasus, anali wokhoza kulanda dera Shirvan.

chithunzi andale

Kuyambira pachiyambi cha ulamuliro wake Catherine 1 mfundo mkati anali umalimbana kusonyeza aliyense kuti mpando wachifumu uli m'manja otetezedwa ndi kuti dziko wakhala njira anasankhidwa ndi wokonzanso kwambiri. The Supreme atamva Council zonse anachita kulimbana zowawa chifukwa cha mphamvu. Koma anthu anakonda Mfumukazi. Ndipo zimenezi ngakhale kuti mkati Politika Ekateriny 1 si zachulukazi ndi chizindikiro cha phindu wapadera kwa anthu wamba.

kutsogolo zake zonse podzaza anthu zopempha osiyana. Iye adawatenga, kupereka sadaka, ndipo anthu ambiri ngakhale anakhala godmother. Mu ulamuliro wa mkazi wachiwiri wa Petra Velikogo anali pa gulu la Academy of Sciences. Komanso Mfumukazi zipolopolo pa Kamchatka ulendo wa Bering.

Woyamba Russian Mfumukazi anafa May 1727. m'malo mwake yoikidwiratu zaumbanda Peter 2 - chidzukulu, ndi regent - Menshikov. Komabe, kulimbana zowawa chifukwa cha mphamvu anapitiriza. Pambuyo pa ulamuliro wa Catherine 1, mbiri yakale amati, ndi limene lachititsa nthawi yaitali Russian yachifumu kusintha.