Kalendala ya Gregory isiyana ndi Julian. Julian kalendala mu Russia

Pakuti ife tonse kalendala ndi chinthu mwachizolowezi, ndipo ngakhale wamba. Izi wakale chidali chifuniro cha munthu analanda masiku, manambala, miyezi, ndi nyengo, pafupipafupi zochitika zachilengedwe, zomwe ndi zochokera dongosolo la kayendedwe ka matupi akumwamba: mwezi, dzuwa, nyenyezi. Earth chikusesa kudzera kanjira dzuwa, anasiya zaka ndi zaka.

mu kalendala

Dziko Lapansili kumachititsa munthu zisinthe wathunthu padziko nguli tsiku lina. Kwa chaka apita kamodzi dzuwa. Dzuwa kapena zakuthambo chaka kumatenga makumi asanu masiku mazana atatu asanu asanu koloko ndi maminiti forte- eyiti ndi masekondi makumi asanu. Choncho, chiwerengero chonse cha tsiku kulibe. Choncho vuto kukafola kalendala lenileni nthawi yolondola.

Aroma wakale, Agiriki ntchito yabwino ndi yosavuta kalendala. Chitsitsimutso cha Moon kumachitika masiku 30, kukhala yeniyeni, mu masiku makumi awiri ndi anayi thwelofu koloko ndi mphindi 44. Ndicho chifukwa chake tawerenga masiku, miyezi ndi angathe lotengeka ndi kusintha kwa mwezi.

Poyamba mu kalendara miyezi khumi, amene ali ndi mayina a milungu ya Aroma. Kuchokera m'zaka za zana lachitatu pamaso pa kubadwa kwa Khristu mu dziko wakale ntchito chitsanzochi ndi zochokera zinayi chaka chathunthu, dzuwa adzizungulira, amene anapereka cholakwa mu mtengo wa chaka dzuwa tsiku lomwelo.

Mu Egypt, ntchito kalendala ya dzuwa, wasenza pamaziko a kuzipenya wa Sun ndi Sirius. Chaka masiku mazana atatu makumi asanu asanu. Mpheroyi miyezi khumi ndi awiri a masiku makumi atatu. Monga anawonjezera pambuyo zambiri masiku asanu. Iwo anakonza monga "polemekeza kubadwa kwa milungu."

Mbiri ya Julian kalendala

kusintha Komanso zinachitika BC makumi chimodzi. e. Mfumu ya Aroma Yuliy Tsezar chitsanzo Aigupto anayambitsa kalendala ya Julius. Iwo anavomerezedwa chaka dzuwa mtengo wa chaka, amene anali pang'ono zakuthambo ndipo anali masiku mazana atatu makumi asanu asanu ndi maola asanu. Woyamba wa January chinali chiyambi kwa chaka. Khirisimasi malinga ndi kalendala ya Julius anayamba kukondwerera chiwiri wa January. Choncho panali kusintha kwa letoischeslenie latsopano.

Amayamikira kusintha kwa Senate wa Rome anadzatchedwa mwezi Kvintilis Kaisara anabadwa Julius (tsopano July). Patapita chaka chimodzi, Mfumu anaphedwa, ndipo ansembe Roma kapena ku umbuli, kapena mwadala anayambanso anasokoneza kalendala ndipo anayamba kulengeza lililonse adziwitse M'chaka chachitatu cha chaka adzatumpha. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, a makumi wachinayi chaka chinayi wa BC. e. m'malo naini khumi ndi ziwiri adzatumpha analengeza.

Opulumutsidwa Mfumu Oktivian August. Pa malamulo ake, zaka adzatumpha sanali mu zaka zotsatira sikisitini, ndi kalendala mungoli limzake. Pomulemekeza mwezi Sekstilis anadzatchedwa Augustus (August).

Kwa Mpingo Orthodox zinali zofunika kwambiri simultaneity achipembedzo maholide. Deti la Pasaka zinkakambidwa pa Woyamba Zazipembedzo Council, ndi nkhani wakhala mmodzi wa waukulu. Anaika pa Council iyi akulamulira mawerengedwe molondola phwandolo sizingasinthidwe pansi ululu wa anathema.

kalendala ya Gregory

Mutu wa Mpingo wa Katolika Papa Gregory wa khumi ndi chitatu mu 1582 ovomerezeka komanso anayambitsa kalendala latsopano. Iye ankatchedwa "Gregory". Zingatanthauze kuti zabwino zonse anali kalendala ya Julius, malinga Ulaya anakhala zaka zoposa khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi. Komabe, Gregory chakhumi ndi chitatu ankaona kuti kusintha ndi kofunika kudziwa deti lenileni kwambiri ya Isitala, komanso kuti tsiku la March vernal anali kumbuyo kwa twente woyamba wa March.

Mu 1583 Bungwe la mbadwa kum'mawa ku Constantinople anadzudzula kukhazikitsidwa kwa kalendala ya Gregory, akuphwanya mkombero mapemphero ndi kufunsa malamulo kumakonsolo Zazipembedzo. Inde, m'zaka zina, akuphwanya lamulo yaikulu ya chikondwerero cha Pasaka. Zimachitika kuti Sunday Catholic Isitala imagwera pa nthawi isanafike Isitara, Chiyuda, ndi kuti malamulo a mpingo sikuloledwa.

Kuwerengera ku Russia

Mu dziko lathu, kuyambira m'zaka za chakhumi, Chaka Chatsopano kuwayamikira woyamba wa March. Patapita zaka zisanu, mu 1492, Russia anasamukira chiyambi kwa chaka, malinga ndi miyambo ya mpingo, tsiku loyamba la September. Izi inatenga zaka mazana awiri.

zikwi zisanu ndi ziwiri ndi mazana awiri chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi December chaka chitatu la King Peter Ine inaika lamulo kuti Julian kalendala mu Russia analandira kuchokera Byzantium pamodzi ndi ubatizo, linali likugwirabe. Ine ndi kusintha tsiku la kuyamba kwa chaka. Kwavomelezedwa mu dziko. Chaka Chatsopano mogwirizana ndi kalendala ya Julius zinali kukondwerera tsiku loyamba la January, "kubadwa kwa Khristu."

Pambuyo zitasintha, chinayi wa February limodzi zikwi mazana asanu ndi chaka chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu, malamulo atsopano kuyamba m'dziko lathu. The Gregory kalendala ulamuliro pakati pa quatercentenary atatu zaka adzatumpha. Kuti linayamba kumata.

Kodi pali kusiyana pakati pa Julian ndi kalendala ya Gregory chiyani? Kusiyana mu kuwerengetsa zaka adzatumpha. M'kupita kwa nthawi, zolemera. Ngati m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi, panali masiku khumi, mu chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri iwo unali kuchuluka kwa khumi, m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu anali kale amasiku khumi, khumi ndi zitatu mu zaka makumi awiri ndi makumi awiri oyambirira ndipo m'zaka makumi awiri wachiwiri chithunzi ichi lidzafika masiku khumi ndi anai.

Russian Orthodox amagwiritsa ntchito kalendala ya Julius, kutsatira zigamulo kumakonsolo Zazipembedzo, ndi Akatolika - Gregory.

Nthawi zambiri mukhoza kumva funso la chifukwa dziko lonse amakondwerera Khirisimasi pa December twente-faifi, ndipo ife - wachisanu ndi chiwiri wa January. yankho ndi lodziwikiratu ndithu. Russian Orthodox amakondwerera Khirisimasi malinga ndi kalendala ya Julius. Izi imakhudzanso maholide ena akuluakulu achipembedzo.

Lero, kalendala ya Julius ku Russia wotchedwa "kalembedwe akale". Panopa, ukulu ndi zochepa kwambiri. Ali ena a Mpingo Orthodox - la Chisebiya, Chijojiya, Yerusalemu ndi Russian. Komanso, Julian kalendala ntchito zina mchitidwe umenewu Orthodox mu Europe ndi United States.

Kalendala ya Gregory ku Russia

Mu dziko lathu, nkhani ya kusintha kalendala anaukitsidwa mobwerezabwereza. Mu 1830, iwo anaika Russian Academy of Sciences. Prince KA Lieven, yemwe anali nduna ya zamaphunziro, ankaona pempholo mwadzidzidzi. Pokhapokha zisinthe, funso anaikidwa ku msonkhano wa Commissars of la Russia. Kale January 24 Russia anatenga kalendala ya Gregory.

Features ya kusintha kwa kalendala ya Gregory

Orthodox Akristu oyamba ndi mulingo watsopano mphamvu anapereka mavuto. Chaka chatsopano anali nazo zithandizire pa Advent, pamene chisangalalo chirichonse osati kulandira. Komanso, 1 January - tsiku lokumbukira Saint Bonifesi, woyang'anira aliyense amene akufuna kusiya kumwa, ndi dziko lathu amakondwerera tsiku ndi galasi mu dzanja lake.

Gregory ndi Julian kalendala: kusiyana ndi kufanana

Onse a iwo zigwirizana masiku mazana atatu ndi makumi asanu asanu mu chaka wabwinobwino, ndi mazana atatu ndi sikisite-sikisi mu chaka adzatumpha, ndi miyezi 12, umene 4 masiku 30 kapena masiku 7 mpaka 31, February - mwina 28 kapena 29. kusiyana kokha mu pafupipafupi zosayembekezereka wa adzatumpha zaka.

Julian kalendala adzatumpha chaka kumachitika pakatha zaka zitatu. Pankhaniyi, likukhalira kuti kalendala chaka ndi yaitali kuposa mphindi zakuthambo 11. M'mawu ena, patatha zaka 128 pali tsiku owonjezera. Kalendala ya Gregory amadziwanso kuti m'chaka chachinayi ndi tumphatumpha chaka. The kuchotserapo ndi zaka amene multiples 100, komanso amene akhoza kugawidwa ndi 400. Chifukwa cha ichi, tsiku owonjezera kuoneka patapita zaka 3200.

Kodi n'chiyani chidzachitikire m'tsogolo

Mosiyana ndi Gregory, Julian kalendala kosavuta kwa letoischesleniya, koma patsogolo pa chaka zakuthambo. Anakhala maziko a wachiwiri oyamba. Malinga ndi tchalitchi cha Orthodox, kalendala ya Gregory akuphwanya lamulo la zochitika zambiri za m'Baibulo.

Chifukwa chakuti Julian ndi kalendala ya Gregory ndi nthawi kukula kusiyana mu masiku, mipingo Orthodox kuti agwiritse ntchito oyamba a iwo Khirisimasi 2101 osati January 7, monga zikuchitika tsopano, ndi chitatu wa January, ndi zisanu ndi zinayi zikwi mazana asanu ndi anayi chaka choyamba, chikondwerero chidzachitika kwa chitatu wa March. Mu kalendala a mapemphero, tsiku adzapitiriza kukakomana ndi makumi awiri ndi lachisanu la December.

M'mayiko chiyambi cha zaka mazana makumi awiri, kalendala Julian ntchito, mwachitsanzo mu Greece, ndi madeti a zochitika zonse zakale zimene zinachitika pambuyo October khumi ndi zikwi mazana asanu eyite chaka chachiwiri, lokha mulembe mu manambala chimodzimodzi pamene iwo chinachitika.

Zotsatira za kusintha kalendala

Panopa, kalendala ya Gregory ndi zolondola mokwanira. Malinga ndi akatswiri ambiri, sizikusoweka kuti asinthidwe, koma funso kusintha chake nkhani zaka zambirimbiri. Pankhaniyi ife sindikuyankhula za kukhazikitsa kalendala latsopano, kapena njira zatsopano mlandu zaka adzatumpha. Ndi za masiku regrouping chaka kuti chiyambi cha chaka, atasiya kwa tsiku limodzi, mwachitsanzo Lamlungu.

miyezi lero kalendala pa nkhani kwa masiku 28 mpaka 31, kutalika kwa ranges chipika kuchokera nainte kwa masiku anayi ndi iwiri, amene ali wamfupi kusiyana zoyambirira za wachiwiri kwa masiku 3-4. Izi complicates ntchito ya boma ndalama ndi mapulani.

ndi ntchito yatsopano kalendala Kodi

Pa zaka zana otsiriza ndi makumi asanu ndi limodzi, ntchito zambiri. Mu 1923, Komiti pa kusintha kwa kalendala pansi pa League of Nations unakhazikitsidwa. Pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, nkhaniyi anatchula Komiti ya United Nations Economic ndi Social.

Ngakhale kuti ambiri a iwo, zokonda zapatsidwa yachiwiriyo - 13 miyezi kalendala ya French nzeru zapamwamba Auguste Comte ndi malingaliro a zakuthambo ku France G. Armelina.

M'nthawi ya Baibulo mwezi zonse akuyamba Lamlungu ndipo itha pa Loweruka. Mu chaka cha tsiku lina alibe dzina ndipo anaikapo kumapeto kwa miyezi khumi ndi zitatu zapitazi. M'chaka adzatumpha lero abwera mwezi wa chisanu. Malinga ndi akatswiri, kalendara angapo a kuipa kwambiri, choncho kwambiri linaperekedwa kwa polojekiti ndi Gustave Armelina, chimene, chaka imakhala miyezi khumi ndi awiri kapena anayi a tsiku nainte-imodzi.

M'mwezi woyamba wa kota masiku sate wani, yotsatira awiri - makumi atatu. Tsiku loyamba lililonse kotala ya chaka ndipo amayamba Lamlungu ndipo itha pa Loweruka. M'chaka lililonse, tsiku owonjezera anawonjezera pambuyo thirtieth wa December, ndipo analumpha ndi - kupitirira 30 June. Ntchito anali ovomerezeka ndi France, India, Soviet Union, Yugoslavia ndi mayiko ena. Kwa nthawi yaitali, a Assembly General ali anachedwa pabvomelezo la polojekiti, ndipo posachedwapa, ntchito ya UN kudzatha.

Kaya Russia adzabwerera kwa "kalembedwe akale"

Alendo ndi kovuta kufotokoza tanthauzo maganizo "Old Chaka Chatsopano" chifukwa ife Khirisimasi pambuyo azungu. Today pali ofunitsitsa kusintha kwa Julian kalendala mu Russia. Komanso kanthu amachokera anthu choyenera ndi olemekezeka. Malinga ndi iwo, 70% ya Russian Orthodox ku Russia ali ndi ufulu kukhala molingana ndi kalendala, amene ntchito ndi Tchalitchi cha Orthodox.