Zilumba South Kuril: history, amayanjana

Pachilumba chazilumba pakati pa Kamchatka ndi Hokkaido, pamtsinje wa Okhotsk ndi Pacific Ocean, pamalire a Russia ndi Japan ndizilumba za South Kurile - gulu la Habomai, Shikotan, Kunashir ndi Iturup. Maderawa akutsutsana ndi anansi athu, omwe adawaphatikizirapo m'dera la Japan ku chilumba cha Hokkaido. Popeza kuti maderawa ndi ofunikira kwambiri, ndikumenyera nkhondo ku Southern Kuriles kwa zaka zambiri.

Geography

Chilumba cha Shikotan chili pamtunda wofanana ndi mzinda wotchedwa Sochi, womwe uli m'mphepete mwa nyanja - kumtunda kwa Anapa. Komabe, nyengo ya paradaiso siinakhaleko ndipo sichiyembekezeka. Zilumba za ku Kuril ku South Africa nthawi zonse zimakhala za Far North, ngakhale kuti sangadandaule za nyengo yofanana ya Arctic. Kuno nyengo yachisanu imakhala yotentha kwambiri, yotentha, chilimwe sichitha. Kutentha uku, pamene mu February - mwezi wozizira kwambiri - thermometer sichimaonetsa pansipa-madigiri 5 Celsius, ngakhale kutentha kwakukulu kwa malo a m'nyanja kumachepetsa zotsatira zake zoipa. Nyengo yam'mlengalenga ya mlengalenga imasiyana kwambiri pano, chifukwa kukhalapo kwa Pacific Ocean kumafooketsa chilengedwe cha Arctic. Ngati kumpoto Kuril m'chilimwe +10 pafupipafupi, zilumba za South Kurile zikuwotha kutentha mpaka +18. Osati Sochi, ndithudi, koma osati Anadyr.

Mphepete mwa zilumbazi zili pamphepete mwa mbale ya Okhotsk, pamwamba pa malo ochepetsedwa, kumene mbale ya Pacific imatha. Kawirikawiri, zilumba za South Kuril zili ndi mapiri, pachilumba cha Atlasov chachikulu kwambiri ndi mamita oposa zikwi ziwiri. Palinso mapiri, chifukwa Kuril Islands zonse zili mu Phokoso la Mphepo Yamoto ya Pacific. Pano, ntchito yokoketsa ndi yapamwamba kwambiri. Kuphulika kwa mapiri makumi asanu ndi limodzi mphambu asanu ndi limodzi kuchokera ku makumi asanu ndi limodzi mphambu asanu ndi atatu ku Kuril Islands kumafuna kuwona nthawi zonse. Zivomezi pano zimakhala zosalekeza, pambuyo pake pali ngozi ya tsunami yaikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Motero, zilumba za Shikotani, Simushir ndi Paramushir zinazunzika mobwerezabwereza kuchokera ku izi. Tsunami ya 1952, 1994 ndi 2006 inali yaikulu kwambiri.

Zida, zomera

Malo osungiramo mafuta, gasi, mercury, ndi nambala yambiri yazitsulo zopangidwa ndi zitsulo amafufuzidwa m'madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja komanso m'zilumba pawokha. Mwachitsanzo, pafupi ndi phiri la Kudryavy, paliponse padziko lonse lapansi omwe amadziwika kuti rhenium deposits. Ndiponso, mbali ya kum'mwera ya zilumba za Kuril inali yotchuka chifukwa cha kutuluka kwa sulfure. Apa, ndalama zonse za golidi - 1867 matani, ndi siliva, nayenso, zochuluka - matani 9284, titaniyamu pafupifupi matani makumi anayi miliyoni, matani - mazana awiri ndi makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu zitatu. Tsopano chitukuko cha mchere wonse chikudikirira nthawi zabwino, ndizochepa kwambiri m'deralo, kupatula malo ngati South Sakhalin. Zilumba za Kurile zikhoza kuonedwa kuti ndi malo osungirako zokolola za dziko kuti zikhale mvula. Zing'onozing'ono ziwiri zokha kuchokera kuzilumba zonse za Kurile zimatha kuyenda chaka chonse, popeza siziwombera. Izi ndizilumba za mndandanda wa South Kuril - Urup, Kunashir, Iturup, ndi pakati pawo - Catherine ndi Vries.

Kuwonjezera pa mchere, pali chuma chambiri cha anthu onse. Iyi ndi zomera ndi zinyama za ku Kuril Islands. Zimasiyanasiyana kwambiri kuchokera kumpoto mpaka kummwera, chifukwa kutalika kwake kuli kwakukulu. Kumpoto kwa Kurils muli zomera zosawerengeka, komanso m'nkhalango zakumwera za Sakhalin, Kuril larch, Ayan spruce. Kuwonjezera apo, miyala ikuluikulu imaphimba mapiri ndi mapiri azing'ono zomwe zimagwira ntchito mwakhama: oak curly, elm mitengo ndi mapulo, calopanax lianas, hydrangeas, actinidia, lemongrass, mphesa zakutchire ndi zambiri, zambiri. Ngakhale magnolia ku Kushanir ndiwo mitundu yokhayo ya obovate magnolia. Malo obiriwira kawirikawiri m'mapiri a ku Kuril Islands (chithunzi cha malo akugwiritsidwa ntchito) ndi Kuril nsomba, zomwe zimakhala zosavuta kuzibisa m'maso mwa mapiri ndi m'nkhalango. Zitsamba pano ndizomwe zimakhala zosiyana kwambiri chifukwa cha nyengo yofatsa ndi yamvula. Mitengo yambiri yomwe ingatengedwe pa mafakitale: lingonberry, crawberry, honeysuckle, buluu ndi ena ambiri.

Nyama, mbalame ndi nsomba

Kuril Islands (makamaka pambali iyi kumpoto) barere wofiira ndi ofanana ndi Kamchatka. Kum'mwera, zikanakhala zofanana, ngati sizikupezeka ku Russia. Zilumbazo ndizochepa, chimbalangondo pafupi ndi mfuti chimakhala moyandikana. Koma makamaka kum'mwera kuli nkhandwe zambiri, chifukwa kwa iwo pali zakudya zambiri pano. Nkhumba zazikulu - chiwerengero chachikulu ndi mitundu yambiri, palizochepa. Pa zinyama zakutchire, pali mitundu inayi: mabala (tsitsi lakuda, mausiku), akalulu, mbewa ndi makoswe, nyama zolusa (nkhandwe, zimbalangondo, ngakhale zili zochepa, mink ndi mchenga).

Zinyama za m'nyanja zomwe zimapezeka m'mphepete mwenimweni mwa madzi, zimakhala zamoyo, anthra (ichi ndicho chisindikizo cha chilumba), mkango wa m'nyanja ndi lagga. Pang'ono pang'ono kuchokera kumtunda uko kuli anthu ambiri a cetaceans - a dolphins, nyulukazi zakupha, a mtundu wa whalebanks, kumpoto kwa whistles ndi mahomuna am'mimba. Kuphwanyidwa kwa zisindikizo zokhazikika-Zilombo za m'nyanja zimapezeka m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Kurils, makamaka ambiri pachilumba cha Iturup. Mu nyengo ino mukhoza kuona zizindikiro za ubweya, ma lakhtaks, zisindikizo, nyamakazi. Kukongoletsa kwa nyanja za m'nyanja - otter. Zinyama zamtengo wapatali zinkakhala pamphepete mwa kutha kwanthawi yayitali. Tsopano vuto ndi otter ya nyanja pang'onopang'ono likukula. Nsomba m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndizofunika kwamalonda, koma palinso nkhanu, ndi mollusks, ndi squid, ndi trepangs, crustaceans, nyanja kale. Chiwerengero cha anthu a ku South Kuril Islands chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa nsomba. Kawirikawiri, malowa angatchulidwe mopanda kukokomeza gawo limodzi mwa malo opindulitsa kwambiri mu World Ocean.

Mbalame zachikoloni zimakhala misika yaikulu komanso yokongola kwambiri ya mbalame. Izi ndi zopusa, zoperewera, zotupa, ziphuphu zosiyanasiyana, ng'ombe, guillemots, mapeto akufa ndi ambiri, ambiri. Palinso mitundu yambiri yosawerengeka ya Red Data Book, yosawerengeka: albatross ndi petrels, mandarins, osprey, mphungu za golidi, mphungu, nyanga za phala, nyanga, zikwangwani za ku Japan ndi zowomba, filigree. Zima pazilumba za Kuril kuchokera ku bakha - mallard, teal, gogol, swans, crumbs, mphungu. N'zoona kuti pali mpheta zambiri komanso cuckoos. Pokha pa Iturup mitundu yoposa mazana awiri ya mbalame, zomwe zana zimakhala ndi zinyama. Mitundu makumi asanu ndi anayi mphambu anayi kuchokera ku Mndandanda Wofiira ikukhala mu malo a Kuril .

Mbiri: zaka zana ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri

Vuto la kukhala ku Southern Kuril Islands silinayambe dzulo. Asanafike Achijapani ndi a Russia, Ainu ankakhala kuno, omwe adakumana ndi anthu atsopano ndi mawu "kuru", omwe amatanthauza - munthu. Anthu a ku Russia adatenga mawu ndi maonekedwe awo omwe amachititsa kuti aborigines "akusuta". N'chifukwa chake dzina lonse la zisumbu. Anthu a ku Japan anapanga mapu oyamba a Sakhalin ndi Kuriles onse. Izi zinachitika mu 1644. Komabe, vuto lokhala ku South Kuril Islands linadza kale kale, chifukwa chaka chimodzi m'mbuyomo, mapu ena a dera lino adakonzedwa ndi a Dutch, otsogoleredwa ndi de Fris.

Dziko lapansi lafotokozedwa. Koma si zoona. Anamasulidwa, dzina lake Iturup, kumpoto chakum'maŵa kwa chilumba cha Hokkaido, ndipo dzina lake linali Urup. Mtanda unamangidwa ku Urup, ndipo dziko lonseli linatchedwa Holland. Ndipo anthu a ku Russia anabwera kuno mu 1646 ndi ulendo wa Ivan Moskvitin, ndipo Kolobov Cossack dzina lake lochititsa chidwi, Nekhoroshko Ivanovich, kenaka anatiuza za azungu a Ainu okhala m'zilumba. Zotsatirazi, zowonjezereka zambiri zinachokera ku Kamchatka ulendo wa Vladimir Atlasov mu 1697.

M'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu

Mbiri ya Kumwera kwa Kuril Islands ikusonyeza kuti a Russia adabweradi kumayiko awa mu 1711. Kamchatka Cossacks adapandukira ndi kupha akulu awo, ndipo adasintha maganizo awo ndikuganiza kuti akhululukidwe kapena kuwonongeka. Ndicho chifukwa chake adasonkhanitsa ulendo wopita kumayiko osadziŵika. Danil Antsiferov ndi Ivan Kozyrevsky ali ndi asilikali omwe anafika mu August 1711 pazilumba zakumpoto za Paramushir ndi Shumshu. Ulendowu unapereka chidziwitso chatsopano pazilumba zonse, kuphatikizapo Hokkaido. Pachifukwa ichi, mu 1719 Peter Wamkulu adalamula kuti Ivan Evreinov ndi Fedor Luzhin, omwe amayesetsa kuti zisumbu zonse zidziwike ku Russia, kuphatikizapo chilumba cha Simushir. Koma Ainu mwachibadwa sanafune kumvera ndipo anapita pansi pa ulamuliro wa Russian Tsar. M'chaka cha 1778 Antipin ndi Shabalin adatha kutsimikizira mafuko a Kuril, ndipo nzika za ku Russia zinapereka anthu pafupifupi zikwi ziwiri kuchokera ku Iturup, Kunashir komanso ku Hokkaido. Ndipo mu 1779 Catherine II adalamula lamulo lokhazikitsa maphunziro onse atsopano akum'mawa kuchokera ku msonkho uliwonse. Ndipo kale a ku Japan anayambitsa mikangano. Analetsa ngakhale anthu a ku Russia kupita ku Kunashir, Iturup ndi Hokkaido.

Kulamulira kwenikweni kwa a Russia kuno, koma mndandanda wa mayiko unakhazikitsidwa. Ndipo Hokkaido, ngakhale kuti mzinda wa Japan unalipo kale m'deralo, unalembedwa ngati wa Russia. Anthu a ku Japan anachezeranso kum'mwera kwa ku Kurils mochuluka, ndipo nthawi zambiri anthu amderalo amadana nao. The Ainu kwenikweni analibe mphamvu zokwanira kuti akwere, koma iwo anavulaza pa owononga: sitimayo idzawombedwa, kapena nsanja yotchedwa ankawotchedwa. Mu 1799, a Japan adapanga kale chitetezo cha Iturup ndi Kunashir. Ngakhale asodzi a ku Russia adakhazikika kumeneko zaka pafupifupi 1785-87 - a ku Japan adawafunsa mofulumira kuti achoke pazilumbazo ndi kuwononga umboni wonse wa kukhala ku Russia m'dziko lino. Mbiri ya ku South Kuril Islands kenaka idayamba kukondweretsa, koma palibe amene adadziwa nthawi imeneyo kuti adzalandira nthawi yaitali bwanji. Kwa zaka makumi asanu ndi ziwiri zoyambirira - kufikira 1778 - a Russia ndi a Japanese ku Kuriles sanakumanepo. Msonkhanowo unachitikira ku Hokkaido, yomwe panthawiyo inali isanakwane ndi Japan. Anthu a ku Japan anayamba kukambirana ndi a Ainu, ndipo kenako anagwira nsomba za ku Russia. Mwachibadwa, samamu anali okwiya, anayamba kugwedeza manja awo. Catherine anatumiza nthumwi ku Japan, koma zokambiranazo sizinachitike pomwepo.

Zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi zapitazo ndi zaka zoperekedwa

Mu 1805, Nikolai Rezanov wotchuka anayesera kupitiliza kukambirana pa malonda, omwe anafika ku Nagasaki ndipo adalephera. Osapirira manyazi, adalangiza zombo ziwiri kuti apite kuzilumba za ku Kuril Islands - kuti adziwe malo omwe amatsutsana. Anabwezera kubwezera kubwezeretsa mafakitale a ku Russia, zombo zopsereza ndi asodzi (omwe anapulumuka). Mafakitale ambiri a ku Japan anawonongedwa, mudzi wa Iturup unatenthedwa. Chiyanjano cha ku Russia ndi Chijapani chayandikira kumbuyo kwa nkhondo yapaderayi.

M'chaka cha 1855, kugawidwa kwenikweni kwa madera kunapangidwa. Zilumba zakumpoto ndi Russia, zilumba zakumwera ndi Japan. Sakhalin yowonjezereka. Zinali zopweteka kwambiri kupereka zilumba za South Kurile, olemera m'misiri, Kunashir - makamaka. Iturup, Habomai ndi Shikotan nazonso anakhala Chijapani. Ndipo mu 1875, dziko la Russia linapeza ufulu wokhala ndi Sakhalin pokhapokha kuti chilolezo cha zilumba zonse za Kurile za ku Japan zisamaperekedwe.

Zaka makumi awiri: kugonjetsedwa ndi kupambana

Mu nkhondo ya Russia ndi Japan ya 1905, dziko la Russia, ngakhale kuti kulimba mtima kwa nyimbo zoyenerera za oyendetsa ndege ndi mfuti , zinatayika mu nkhondo yosafanana ndi imene inagonjetsedwa, yomwe inatayika pakati pa Sakhalin, yomwe ili kum'mwera, yofunika kwambiri komanso nkhondo. Koma mu February 1945, pamene kugonjetsa Hitler ku Germany kunali kale kukonzedweratu, USSR inakhazikitsa chikhalidwe cha Great Britain ndi United States: izo zingathandize kupambana Achijapani, ngati abwerera ku madera a Russia: Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Kuril Islands. Ogwirizanawo analonjezedwa, ndipo mu July 1945 Soviet Union inatsimikiziranso kudzipereka kwake. Kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa September, zilumba za Kurile zinagwidwa ndi asilikali a Soviet. Ndipo mu February 1946 adapereka chigamulo chokhazikitsa dera la South-Sakhalin, lomwe linaphatikizapo Kurils mu mphamvu yonse, yomwe inakhala gawo la Khabarovsk Territory. Motero, kubwerera kwa Southern Sakhalin ndi ku Kuril Islands ku Russia kunachitika.

Dziko la Japan linakakamizika kulemba mgwirizano wamtendere mu 1951, womwe unanena kuti sunganene kuti sichidzateteza ufulu, maudindo ndi zifukwa za ku Kuril Islands. Ndipo mu 1956 Soviet Union ndi Japan anali kukonzekera kusaina Chigamulo cha Moscow, chomwe chinatsimikizira kutha kwa nkhondo pakati pa mayiko awa. Monga chizindikiro chokomera mtima, USSR inavomereza ku Japan zizilumba ziwiri za Kuril: Shikotan ndi Habomai, koma AJapan anakana kuvomereza iwo chifukwa sakukana zonena zazilumba zina zakumwera - Iturup ndi Kunashir. Pano panalinso ndi zotsatirapo zowonongeka kwa mchitidwe wa US, pamene adawopseza kuti sadzabwerera pachilumba cha Okinawa ngati atayina chikalata ichi. Ichi ndi chifukwa chake zilumba za ku South Kuril zikanakali malo osamvana.

Zaka zana za lero, makumi awiri poyamba

Lero, vuto la zilumba za South Kuril lidali lofunikira, ngakhale kuti mtendere ndi moyo wopanda mtambo zakhala zikukhala m'dera lonselo. Ndili ndi Japan, Russia ikugwirizanitsa ntchito, koma nthawi ndi nthawi kukambirana za eni eni a Kurils kukukwera. Mu 2003, ndondomeko ya chi Russia ndi Japan ya mgwirizanowu pakati pa mayiko inakhazikitsidwa. Azidindo ndi oyang'anira akuluakulu akuyendera maulendo, maubwenzi ambiri achi Russia ndi a ku Japan akhazikitsidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana. Komabe, zifukwa zomwezo zimapangidwa ndi a Japan chimodzimodzi, koma sizivomerezedwa ndi a Russia.

Mu 2006, nthumwi yonse yochokera ku Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk inapita ku gulu la anthu lotchuka ku Japan, League of Solidarity for Return of Territories. Mu 2012, komabe ku Japan mawu akuti "ntchito zoletsedwa" motsutsana ndi Russia anachotsedwa pa nkhani zokhudzana ndi Kuril Islands ndi Sakhalin. Ndipo zilumba za Kurile zikupitirizabe kulimbikitsa chuma, kugwiritsira ntchito mapulogalamu a federal kuti apititse patsogolo derali, kuonjezera kuchuluka kwa ndalama, pali chigawo chokhala ndi phindu la msonkho, zilumbazi zimayendera ndi akuluakulu apamwamba a dzikoli.

Vuto la kukhala mwini

Kodi sitingagwirizane bwanji ndi zolemba zomwe zinalembedwa mu February 1945 ku Yalta, komwe msonkhano wa mayiko omwe akugwira nawo mgwirizano wotsutsa Hitler unagonjetsa tsogolo la Kuriles ndi Sakhalin, zomwe zidzabwerenso ku Russia atangopambana ku Japan? Kapena Japan siinainaina Chigamulo cha Potsdam pambuyo posaina lamulo lodzipatulira? Yayinidwa chifukwa. Ndipo zikuwonetseratu kuti ulamuliro wake uli chabe kuzilumba za Hokkaido, Kyushu, Shikoku ndi Honshu. Chilichonse! Pa September 2, 1945, chikalata ichi chinasindikizidwa ndi Japan, ndipo, chifukwa chake, zikhalidwezo zinatsimikiziridwa.

Ndipo pa September 8, 1951, mgwirizano wamtendere unasindikizidwa ku San Francisco, kumene analemba zonse zomwe zimanena za ku Kuril Islands ndi Sakhalin Island ndi zilumba zapafupi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ulamuliro wake pamaderawa, atalandira pambuyo pa nkhondo ya Russo-Japanese ya 1905, sichithanso. Ngakhale pano a US anachita mosayenera kwambiri, kuwonjezera chidziwitso chopambana kwambiri, chifukwa USSR, Poland ndi Czechoslovakia sanasinthe panganolo. Dzikoli, monga nthawi zonse, silinasunge mawu ake, chifukwa mkhalidwe wawo wandale nthawi zonse amati "inde", koma ena mwa mayankhowa amatanthauza "ayi." Dziko la United States linasiya mgwirizano wa dziko la Japan, womwe unadula mabala pang'ono ndi kuwamasula, ndi angati omwe anatulukira, zikwangwani zamapepala pambuyo pa mabomba a nyukiliya, zomwezo zinayambiranso.

Mikangano

Iwo anali motere:

1. Mu 1855, zilumba za ku Kuril zinayambika ku chikhalidwe cha Japan ndi pangano la Simodsk.

2. Udindo waukulu wa Japan ndikuti zilumba za Tishima sizili mbali ya ridge ya Kurile, kotero Japan sanawasiye mwa kulemba mgwirizano ku San Francisco.

3. Soviet Union sanali lowani mgwilizano mu San Francisco.

Choncho Japan ndio Kupititsa ndi kuperekedwa ku zilumba Kumwera Kuril wa Habomai, Shikotan, Kunashir ndi Iturup, amene okwana m'dera ndi makilomita 5175 lalikulu, ndi otchedwa madera kumpoto, wachokera ku Japan. Mosiyana Russia ananena pa mfundo koyamba kuti nkhondo Chirasha Japanese zimafika Pangano la Shimoda, pa mfundo yachiwiri - kuti Japan zinasaina kulengeza za kutha kwa nkhondo, amene Inter zina zotere, ananena kuti zilumba awiri - Habomai ndi Shikotan - USSR anali wokonzeka kulipira pambuyo kusaina pangano mtendere. Pa mfundo yachitatu Russia kugwirizana: inde, Soviet Union sanali kusaina pepala ndi Kusintha lokopa. Koma dziko ngati palibe, kuti tikhalebe za.

Mu nthawi yake ndi USSR Nkhani zonena Kupititsa angawatsogolere mwanjira kovuta, koma pamene inagwa, Japan analimba mtima. Komabe, zikuoneka, ndipo tsopano proclivities izi pachabe. Ngakhale mu 2004 Nduna ya za okhonda ndipo anati atawire kulankhula za m'madera Japan Koma chinthu chimodzi momveka bwino: palibe kusintha mu Islands Kuril sizingatheke.