Kodi mawonekedwe a diso la munthu ndi chiyani?

Mmodzi wa mitu chidwi kwambiri zamoyo, makamaka thunthu anthu - ndi kapangidwe diso. Kuyambira kale zinali ndi maso kugwirizana ndi zikhulupiriro zambiri, nthano. Pali zambiri mawu ndi zimene wotchuka kwambiri: ". Maso - kalilole wa moyo" Koma zimene diso kwenikweni? Kuti akhoza kundiuza asayansi za izo? Ophthalmologists ndi akatswiri, anatomists kalekale chidwi pa dongosolo masomphenya anthu, tinapeza kuti diso, ngakhale kukula kwake wamng'ono, ali ndi chipangizo ovuta kwambiri. Kodi - kuwerenga.

Masomphenya - si kwapafupi

Ophthalmic chipangizo mu thunthu otchedwa stereoscopic. Mu thupi la munthu ndi udindo kuonetsetsa zomwe molondola adadziwa, molondola, popanda kukhota. Ndiyamika deta masomphenya kukonzedwa ndiyeno opatsirana ku ubongo.

Data za chinthu kumanja mu ubongo, ndi kudzera mwa selo retinal kumanja. Mu ndondomekoyi nawo ndi mitsempha chamawonedwe. Koma zotsalazo, alandira komanso amayang'ana Kumanzere gawo la diso. Ubongo wa munthu lakonzedwa mu njira yakuti Chili zambiri popanda kukhota, potero kupanga chithunzi thunzi chokwanira cha kuzungulira dziko wolotayo lapansi.

diso dongosolo amapereka masomphenya binocular. Maso kupanga zovuta boma lake chipangizo. Ndi chifukwa anthu ake mphamvu kuzindikira, pokonza deta analandira kwa dziko lakunja. Imodzi mwa mfundo zofunika kwa dongosolo lino - cheza mu atomu. Bukuli lili ndi masomphenya anthu.

Kodi ntchito?

Ngati muphunzira za chithunzi cha m'diso la munthu, izo Tingaone kuti thupi lafika ngati mpira. Icho ndi chimene chinayambitsa maina a "apulo." diso kapangidwe - ndi mkati ndi zigawo zitatu zotsatizana wakunja;

• panja;
• mtima;
• diso.

chipolopolo maso

Choncho, kunja kwa ena nyumba diso? Mbali ya ulemu amatchedwa "diso". nsalu iyi imene angayerekezedwe ndi zenera moyang'anizana dziko loyandikira. Ndi kupyolera mwa diso kuwala akulowa dongosolo zithunzi. Popeza diso ndi otukukira kunja, ndi wokhoza osati kuphonya cheza cha kuwala, koma refract iwo. gawo lina la diso kuchokera kunja amatchedwa "sclera". Ndi chopinga chachikulu kuwala. Zowoneka sclera ngati yophika dzira.

Mbali yotsatira, m'gulu otchedwa nyumba kuwala tcheru kwa diso, otchedwa choroid. Monga kale dzina likusonyezera, aumbike ziwiya imene magazi kwa zimakhala kudyetsedwa mpweya ndi zina zigawo zikuluzikulu zofunika ndi zinthu. Chipolopolo angapo zigawo zikuluzikulu:

• Iris;
• ciliary thupi;
• choroid.

Izo zinachitika kuti anthu kulabadira mtundu wa maso a interlocutor lapansi. njira yomwe kudzayesedwa kapangidwe kuwala kwa diso, womwe Iris: ndi kudzikundikira ndi pigment yeniyeni. Popeza diso ndi Iris limakupatsani kuona munthu wina, mukhoza kudziwa zimene mtundu maso mukapeza munthu.

mwana The lili ndendende pakati pa Iris lapansi. Iwo ali mawonekedwe chonse, ndi kukula chingasinthe poganizira msinkhu zounikira. Komanso, mydriasis anakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana (mwachitsanzo, kulandira mankhwala).

Kupita yozama

Ngati inu kumbuyo Iris, mukhoza kuona kutsogolo kwa kamera. Ndi apa kuti pali njira imene ambabala nthabwala amadzimadzi. zinthu izi akufalitsa mu diso, kusamba zigawo zake. Mu ngodya za kamera wapereka chikhalidwe cha dongosolo ngalande, imene madzi umayenda mwa diso. Ndipo mu kuya kwa a ciliary thupi angathe kuonedwa minofu accommodative. Chifukwa ntchito yake amasintha mawonekedwe a disolo.

Pamakhala akadali choroid. Kapangidwe ka diso la munthu amafuna pamaso pa choroidal mmbuyo, ndi kuti iye ndi wokongola ndipo sonorous dzina. Choroid ndi pokhudzana nthawi zonse ndi diso, chimene chili chofunika kudya zakudya zopatsa nthanzi la zimakhala.

Chipolopolo lachitatu

Monga tanena kapangidwe diso zikuphatikizapo chipolopolo atatu ayenera kuuza diso. Motere ku dzina lake, ndi mauna chipolopolo. Iwo aumbike mwa maselo mitsempha. nsalu kumalumikiza pamwamba lamkati la diso ndipo walonjeza masomphenya high quality, ngati wathanzi.

retinal kapangidwe ndi chotero kuti apa kankasonyeza analandira kuchokera dziko lakunja. Koma madera osiyana a minofu ntchito mosiyana. Zolemba malire mphamvu kuwona anapereka macula, kuti ndi pakati. Ichi ndi chifukwa mkulu-kachulukidwe cones zithunzi. Data analandira ndi diso zimafalitsidwa kwa mitsempha wapadera, amene amapereka ubongo, kumene kukonzedwa mwamsanga.

Ndipo zimene zili mkati?

Kodi kapangidwe ka m'diso la munthu, ngati inu mutayang'ana pa onse atatu mthunzi? makamera awiri angapezeke kuno:

• kutsogolo;
• kumbuyo.

Onse ali odzazidwa ndi madzi wapadera. Komanso, pali:

• mandala;
• vitreous.

Woyamba wa mawonekedwe ake akufanana ndi mandala, otukukira kunja mbali zonse. Iye amatha refract kuwala kamwazi ndi kupatsira. Chifukwa cha ntchito ya mandala n'zotheka kuika fano pa mauna minofu ubongo. Koma vitreous kwambiri ngati odzola. ntchito yake yaikulu - kuteteza kukhudzana wa fundus ndi mandala.

Fibrous casing ndi conjunctive

Mwa kuphunzira kamangidwe ndi kapangidwe ka diso, kuyamba ndi conjunctiva lapansi. Ndi mandala minofu kunja diso. Gawo zikope lake mkati ndi kunja. Chifukwa conjunctiva wa mwana wa diso mwina molondola Wopanda popanda kuwononga.

Ndikuyankhula zomwe ntchito ya nyumba diso, simungathe asataye m'chimake fibrous. Gawo la izo analengedwa kuchokera sclera ndipo ali ndi osalimba mkulu, limene linapatsa kutetezeredwa zili wosakhwima lamkati. Izi thandizo minofu, koma kutsogolo chimaonekera ndipo ndi ofanana ndi galasi la koloko. gawo ili ambiri amawatcha fibrous m'chimake diso.

The mandala chivundikirocho gawo wolemera maselo ubongo, zomwe zingathandize madutsidwe zambiri. Panthawiyo kumene sclera mu diso chimaposa kutali nthambi. Akuti izi kuwamva monga maselo ndende zone tsinde. Chifukwa cha iwo, gawo la kunja kwa diso zikhoza kusinthidwa m'nthawi yake.

diso kamera

Chipinda zapambuyo lili pakati pa Iris ndi diso, makamaka ngodya zake ndipo pomwepo pamwamba anati dongosolo ngalande. Kusanthula makonzedwe nembanemba ndi nyumba za diso, patsogolo pang'ono kumtunda, mukhoza kuona mandala. Kotero, izo ziribe kuloza ku malo anatomically zolondola, chikhalidwe anapereka Mitsemphayi woonda. Iwo amagwira ku chiwalo ciliary thupi.

Kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo zipinda mwadzaza chinyezi, zomwe ziribe mtundu. Timadzi chakudya disolo, amapereka koyenera kuti kugwira ntchito kwa zigawo zikuluzikulu zakudya diso la. Izi ndi zofunika chifukwa zinthu izi za dongosolo masomphenya anthu alibe magazi yake okwanira.

Optics - dongosolo zovuta

masomphenya anthu amaperekedwa ndi chakuti pali nyumba refractive diso. Ndi chifukwa Optics zovuta za dongosolo zithunzi kuona mfundo chilengedwe. Kodi kukonza maganizo a danga kuzungulira inu, ngati munthu ntchito bwinobwino onse ziwalo ndipo zimakhala:

• kuchirikiza nyumba diso;
• chitsogozo kuwala;
• kuzindikira.

Pamene ntchito molondola, mukhoza wosakayika zikumveka la masomphenya.

zofunikira pa dongosolo kuwala:

• diso;
• mandala.

Onani kuti kuwala refracting Kapangidwe ka diso monga onse vitreous ndi chinyezi ali m'chipinda chodyera cha diso. Choncho, masomphenya adzakhala zabwino pokhapokha ngati:

• poyela;
• Lili magazi;
• Iwo alibe mtambo.

Only pamene kuwala kuwala kudutsa dongosolo, amaona pa diso, ndilo mapangidwe chifanizo cha malo ozungulira. Kumbukirani kuti owonetseredwa:

• kukalowa;
• yafupika.

Choncho kwaiye zikhumbo mitsempha yomwe zimalowa mitsempha ndipo imafalikira ku ubongo. Manyuroni mwakuya za mfundo, ndi kulola kuti munthu amalandira kumvetsa zonse zimene isawonongeke.

The diso - diso kuipidwa mchitidwe dongosolo

Ndi nyumba kuwala tcheru diso ndi zinthu mosiyana, osati wamng'ono wofunika kwambiri umene uli diso. Iwo aumbike mwa mitundu isanu ya nsalu:

• epithelium ya kutsogolo;
• Reichert mbale;
• stroma;
• nsalu Descemet ndi;
• endothelium.

Ngakhale amasonkhanitsa asanu ndi makulidwe a diso liri kokha za millimeter a. Chonde dziwani: ngakhale kuwala refracting Kapangidwe ka diso ndi lalikulu, ndi diso - izi ndi chabe wachisanu wa m'chimake fibrous kuti ali, ndi chinthu ting'onoting'ono ingachititse zovuta.

Ofukula diso ndi 11 mm, ndipo m'lifupi - chabe millimeter yaitali. Kapangidwe thupi amatipatsa kulunjika wa chilungamo chake: maselo kupanga nsalu, anamanga pa chiwembu mosamalitsa ndondomeko. Chida china ntchito zachilengedwe zimene analenga diso - osati Mitsempha. Koma mitsempha mathero pano kwambiri. Ndi nyumba kuwala refracting diso ndi zimakhala zochepa, koma ndi thupi ili yodziwika ndi mphamvu mkulu refractive, ndipo mmodzi wa waukulu.

thupi ciliary

Ndi nyumba kuwala tcheru diso komanso ndi zigawo kuti amapanga ciliary thupi. Ndi mbali ya choroid, woimira gawo lake pakati pang'ono yaikulu mu makulidwe kuposa zinthu zina. Zowoneka ciliary thupi ngati wodzigudubuza zozungulira. Conventionally, asayansi muchigawane mu mbali ziwiri:

• mtima, kuti aumbike mwa mitsempha;
• minofu analenga minofu ciliary.

The chigawo choyamba yophatikiza 70 njira woonda angathe kubala madzimadzi amene amapereka thanzi ndi kuyeretsedwa ocular nyumba. Choncho, nayenso, kupita Zinn Mitsemphayi, chifukwa chimene disolo ndi dwi pa malo chifukwa iye.

Retin monga mbali chifungulo cha dongosolo zithunzi

thunthu Izi minofu zimagawidwa monga mchitidwe wa chowunikira zithunzi. Mbali zake zazikulu - luso kutembenuza kuwala zikhumbo mitsempha, amene ndiye kukonzedwa ndi thupi la munthu.

Monga mbali ya diso pali zigawo zisanu ndi chimodzi:

• Pigmentosa (Aka - kunja). mchitidwe uwu amatha kuyamwa kuwala, umene tingati kupezeka mu diso kwambiri yafupika.
• njira selo. Asayansi kuitana flasks awo ndi timitengo. njira kupanga rhodopsin ndi iodopsin.
• The ocular fundus. Ndi chinthu yogwira dongosolo zithunzi. Kuzionetsetsa zinali diso lake amaona maso.
• Mtima wosanjikiza.
• Chimbale mitsempha, kusonyeza poti mitsempha lotulukira diso.
• The macula, ndi amene kuwamva monga gawo la minofu, kumene kachulukidwe yaikulu cones, kuwapangitsa masomphenya mtundu wa malo ozungulira.

Ndipo kodi madzi?

Tili kale kangapo kuvomerezedwa kuti lidzigwira ntchito za masiku onse diso intraocular madzimadzi mukumveka chipinda linatchulidwa. Zowoneka ndi matabwa ake ndi ambiri ngati kuti madzi oyera. Koma zikuchokera wa nthabwala amadzimadzi ndi ofanana ndi madzi a m'magazi. Imakhala mphamvu zolondola.

Kodi kuteteza maso?

Poganizira ngati wosakhwima ndi osalimba dongosolo, sitingathe kunyalanyaza njira chitetezo operekedwa ndi chikhalidwe. Mlingo ulemu chitetezo - diso zitsulo. Ndi zapamwamba fupa. Ngati muphunzira za zitsulo diso zowoneka, zimaonekeratu kuti ndi ofanana ndi piramidi ndi nkhope zinayi, koma ankaoneka kuti truncated. Pamwamba pa piramidi akuyang'ana mu chigaza lapansi. Ndingaliro ngodya - madigiri 45. The anthu kuya diso zitsulo ndi za 4 cm 5.

Dziwani: diso zitsulo kwenikweni zambiri za mwana wa diso ndi. M'pofunika kulandira ndipo apa ndi thupi mafuta, komanso mitsempha ndi minofu, mtima dongosolo, amene amaonetsetsa uziyenda olondola a diso.

Zikope - alinso mbali ya kapangidwe ka diso

Mu yachibadwa thupi la thanzi, aliyense diso zimatetezedwa ndi zaka ziwiri:

• m'munsi;
• pamwamba.

Iwo kuteteza dongosolo osalimba asagwe zinthu kunja. Potseka zikope zimachitika mosalingalira, anachita ndi yomweyo osati ngozi, koma ngakhale pamene mphepo. The zikope kuteteza maso pamene anakhudza.

Kuphethira kayendedwe kuthandiza diso bwino zikuluzikulu fumbi. Chifukwa cha iwo, wogawana kufalitsa madzimadzi misozi. Amagwiritsidwanso okonzeka ndi zikope nsidze kukula pa mphepete. Mu nthawi yathu, iwo akhala chinthu chofunika kwa malingaliro a kukongola anthu, koma chikhalidwe cholinga makamaka pofuna kuteteza dongosolo zithunzi. Chifukwa cilia diso adzatetezedwa ku fumbi ndi zinyalala yaing'ono zimene zingawononge nsalu wosakhwima.

zikope anthu - wosanjikiza m'malo woonda khungu kuti ndipamene makwinya. Pansi epithelium ndi wosanjikiza akulu:

• Zozungulira kupereka kutsekedwa;
• kutukula chivindikiro pamwamba.

Koma mbali mkati, monga tanenera kale, wodzaza ndi conjunctiva.

Misozi anapanga?

Ndi misozi chikhalidwe anthu kumafuna zambiri zizindikiro, miyambo, ngakhale kaganizidwe. Ulaliki tingachipeze powerenga chinatenga zaka zambiri: "amuna kwambiri musalire", "Kulira manyazi!". N'zoona misozi - ichi ndi kufooka maganizo a munthu? Nature, kupanga zida lacrimal, nafuna kuonetsetsa chitetezo ndi uziyenda bwino a dongosolo zithunzi, kotero Ndipotu, ngakhale amuna angakwanitse kulira, potero ayeretsedwe ndi kuteteza maso anu.

Misozi ndi mandala ngati zimenezi madzi m'malovu kuti aonetse ofooka alkalinity. The zikuchokera misozi ndi yovuta kwambiri, koma mbali polojekiti - madzi oyera. Normal excretion patsiku - a dongosolo la Botolo. Misozi kuteteza maso ndi thandizo chakudya, zimakhala, komanso view bwino.

zida Lacrimal zikuphatikizapo:

• zopangitsa yotulutsa misozi;
• mpaka analira misozi;
• njira;
• chikwama;
• ritsa.

Iron ali zitsulo zake kumtunda kwa mpanda wake, kunja. Ndi apa kuti anapanga misozi, kenako kugwa njira yoikidwiratu, ndiyeno - padziko ocular. Zotsala chinyezi ikuyenda pansi kumene uwu fornix conjunctival anapereka.

mfundo Lacrimal, pali awiri: pamwamba ndi pansi. Onse a iwo - mu ngodya mkati, pa m'mbali mwa zikope za. Kudzera mwa iwo, misozi ya njira ali mu thumba pafupi phiko mphuno, ndiye - mwachindunji m'mphunomo.

Mmene diso dongosolo minofu?

Ngati muphunzira za dongosolo akulu, zimaonekeratu kuti minofu asanu ndi logwirira ntchito diso la munthu. Iwo agawidwa m'magulu awa:

• oblique;
• molunjika.

Woyamba lagawidwa:

• m'munsi;
• pamwamba.

Molunjika - ndi otsala anayi, amene amadziwika kuti sayansi pansi mayina:

• m'munsi;
• pamwamba;
• pakati;
• lateral.

Komanso, dongosolo diso zikuphatikizapo njira kale kutukula chikope chapamwamba ndipo squinting tatchulazi.

Matenda kugwirizana ndi mkhutu dongosolo diso

Choncho likukhalira kuti anthu akuvutika mibadwo yosiyana ya matenda diso. vuto la masolo mliri anthu, mosaganizira chuma chawo ndalama, osauka, mtundu. Komabe, nthawi zina izo zikhoza kukhala kumakhala kutengera kugwirizana ndi chibadwa, malo okhala, kapena zinthu zina. Kawirikawiri matenda diso chikwiyire ndi:

• pachithunzichi udindo wa chinthu dongosolo;
• chilema cha diso.

Kusiyanitsa matenda:

• precipitating kuziziritsa;
• pathological zinchito matenda.

Wa gulu loyamba si zachilendo:

• myopia;
• hyperopia;
• astigmatism.

Gulu lachiwiri zikuphatikizapo:

• khungu;
• ng'ala;
• strabismus;
• anophthalmos;
• retinal detachment;
• miodezopsiyu.

Ambiri posachedwapa patali ndi patali zokha. Mbali yoyamba, mwana wa m'diso la amakhala ndi kutalika kwambiri kuposa mwakale. Chifukwa amenewa mapindikidwe kuwala lolunjika popanda kufika diso. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, munthu wotaya luso kuona padzikoli, makamaka kuchotsa zinthu. Childs Kwalamulidwa magalasi ndi diopters negative.

Pakuti hyperopia amakhala ndi chithunzi zosiyana. Chifukwa chophwanya ndi maso amakhala inelastic kapena mwana wa m'diso la yafupika m'litali. Malawi imafoola kunyezimira kwambiri za kumbuyo diso kale, ndipo anthu sangathe kusiyanitsa bwino zinthu iwo amene ali pafupi. Pankhaniyi, mankhwala magalasi ndi diopters positive.

Taonani: Mfundo ndi kuti chikalata okha ndi maso ndi amenewa ndi olakwika kusankha mandala kapena galasi nokha. Posankha muyeso diso zikachitika, kuwerengetsa mtunda pakati pa ana ndi kuyang'anitsitsa fundus, ndi kudzizindikiritsa kuyan'anila lonse. Mu kusanthula deta onse akamagwira dokotala akuonetsa kuti kusankha imodzi kapena galasi wina, ndipo angathe kulangiza opareshoni, kapena kusintha masomphenya.

Koma astigmatism amapezeka kwambiri kamodzikamodzi. Mu matenda ubongo sangathe kupeza nzeru zolondola zokhudza madera ozungulira chifukwa chilema disolo, ndi diso, zikubweretsa chakuti diso wotaya alumikizana mawonekedwe ake a dera a.