Zopweteka mwangozi. Kulemba ndi maonekedwe a zinthu zoopsa

Ambiri aife takhala tikukumana ndi zinthu zoopsa pamoyo wawo, ndipo ena a iwo akhoza kufa chifukwa cha utsi umene umachokera kwa iwo. Izi zikhoza kukhala chifukwa cha ntchito za makampani ena. Koma kuti muteteze nokha ndi banja lanu kuopsya, muyenera kudziwa bwino zomwe mankhwala omwe ali oopsa kuchokera kumalo owonetsera mankhwala ndi momwe angadzitetezere kwa iwo.

AHOV: ichi ndi chiani?

Chinthu choopsa choopsa cha mankhwala (AHOV) ndi mankhwala owopsa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mafakitale kapena ulimi, ngati apita mlengalenga kapena pamtunda, zowonongeka zimachitika, ndipo zotsatira zake zimakhala zovuta ku zamoyo zonse.

OXB ndi chida chomwe chingathe kuwononga thupi kapena kuwonongeka ngakhale imfa.

Masiku ano, kuzungulira dziko lapansi kumabweretsa zinthu zowopsa kwambiri, m'dera la Russian Federation, opulumutsira nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi mankhwala ambiri. AHOV ikhoza kukhala mu maiko osiyanasiyana.

Zambiri za AHOV

Mankhwala owopsa ali ndi zinthu zingapo zofunika: kuchulukitsitsa, poizoni, kusungunuka, kusasinthasintha, mamasukidwe a mamasukidwe akayendedwe, mavitamini, mankhwala ndi malo otentha.

Kuchulukitsitsa ndi mndandanda wa nkhani pa unit volume. Chizindikiro ichi chimakhudza mwachindunji kufalikira kwa zinthu zoopsa m'mlengalenga ndi pansi. Ngati zinthuzo zili ngati mpweya kapena mpweya, ndiye kuti ndizolemera kwambiri kuposa mpweya, momwe zimakhalira pamwamba pa dziko lapansi zidzakhala zazing'ono komanso zimachepa. Zinthu zamadzimadzi zomwe zili ndizitali kuposa zamadzi, zitatha kugwera pansi.

Solubility ndi khalidwe lina la AXOB, limatanthauza kuthekera kupeza njira zothetsera zigawo zina. Poizoni zimakhala zosungunuka kwambiri m'madzi, zimatha kupha zivomezi zochulukirapo moti sizikhala zoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa anthu ndi zinyama, komanso chifukwa cha luso. Kuwonjezera apo, zinthu zoterezi zingathe kuwonetsanso nthaka, komanso pamtunda waukulu.

Kukhoza kwa zinthu zoopsa kumathandiza kufalitsa kwawo mofulumira ku ziwalo zonse zamkati za thupi la munthu. Pofuna kuthetsa zigawo zonse zoopsa kuchokera ku matupi a madzi, m'pofunika kugwiritsa ntchito njira zothetsera dothi, komanso kutaya mankhwala osakanizika bwino kuchokera m'madzi, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.

Kukhazikika mtima ndi kuthekera kwa chinthu kuti chidutse mumphuno. Mankhwala ofooketsa kwambiri omwe ali ndi kutentha kwapamwamba amakhala ndi mphamvu ya degass mwachibadwa. Koma zowona mwachindunji zimadalira kuti ndi zotani zomwe zimatentha ndizomwe zimachitika m'mlengalenga ndi mchere wambiri.

Kusadziwika ndi chinthu chokhala ndi zinthu zamadzimadzi kuti zisawononge kayendetsedwe ka madera ena a madzi. Kuwonjezera apo, absorbency ya mankhwalayo ndi zipangizo za porous zimadalira ichi.

Kusankhidwa kwa CIV

Dongosolo la mankhwala owopsa kwambiri ndilo nthawi yofunika kwambiri, chifukwa m'tsogolomu n'zotheka kuchitapo kanthu ndikupereka chithandizo kwa aliyense amene aloŵa m'deralo la matenda. Zinthu zoopsa Pomwe munthu amakhudzidwa, akhoza kugawa m'magulu anayi:

• Zoopsa kwambiri;
• Zoopsa;
• Zowopsa kwambiri;
• Zowopsa.

Koma chifukwa cha makhalidwe ake owopsya, zinthu zonse zoopsa sizunifolomu. Monga chowopsya chachikulu, chizindikiro cha matenda aakulu omwe amapezeka pamene thupi la munthu ali ndiledzere nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Potsatira zotsatirazi zoopsa zomwe zimakhala zoopsa, zingakhale za m'magulu awa:

• Kusokoneza (chlorine, phosgene ndi ena);
• Zowopsa kwambiri (carbon monoxide) ;
• Zosakaniza ndi poizoni (nitrogen oxides, nitric acid, hydrogen fluoride, sulfureous anhydride);
• Kusokoneza ndi mitsempha ya m'magazi (ammonia);
• Poizoni zomwe zimakhudza njira zamagetsi zamthupi (ethylene oksidi).

Nkhani

Zizindikiro za AHOV molingana ndi zakuthupi zimatsimikiziridwa ndi magulu awa:

• Zomwe zimakhala zolimba komanso zosasunthika, zosasinthasintha, zomwe zili kale kutentha kwa madigiri makumi anai (evaganezane, mercurane);
• Zomwe zili mu mawonekedwe olimba ndi opanda ufulu, osasunthika, omwe angathe kusungidwa mulimonse (monga, sulem, phosphorus, arsenic);
• Zosungunuka zowonongeka, zotheka zimakhala zotheka pokhapokha atakakamizidwa - gawo ili la zinthu zoopsa limagawidwa m'magulu awiri: A - ammonia, carbon monoxide ndi B - chlorine, methyl bromide ndi ena;
• Zosungunuka mu mawonekedwe a madzi, kusungirako muzitsulo zapadera popanda kupanikizika; Phatikizani nitro ndi amino mankhwala, cyanide, chikonga;
• Zimathandiza kuti fester, pakati pawo hydrochloric, nitric ndi ena.

Kodi ziyenera kusungidwa kuti ndi zinthu ziti zoopsa?

Pofuna kusokoneza mwangozi zinthu zoopsa, muyenera kuonetsetsa kuti chitetezochi chikugwira ntchito, ndipo muzizisunga zokhazokha m'zipinda zapadera.

AHOV ili ndi makampani ambiri omwe amabweretsa kapena kuwawononga. Mitengo ya mankhwala, ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati kuyamba, pakati, ndi-mankhwala kapena zomaliza. Zogulitsa zimayikidwa pamalo osungirako zosungira (mpaka 80%), zikhoza kukhala zida, magalimoto, monga mapaipi, akasinja ndi ena. AHOV yowonjezereka imakhala ndi ammonia ndi chlorine. Mabungwe ena amalonda amatha matani ambiri a zinthu zoopsa, ndipo ambiri amanyamula ndi sitima kapena mabomba.

Zinthu zoopsa zonse zingagawidwe malinga ndi njira yotentha:

• Osakhala woyaka moto;
• Zovuta-moto;
• Zimangotentha ngati ndondomekoyi ikudyetsedwa nthawi zonse;
• Kutentha;
• Ngakhale atachotsa chitsime cha kutaya.

Kwa AHOV n'zotheka kunena kuti zinthu zomwe zimakhala zoopsa pokhapokha ngati zochitika zikachitika.

Mitundu ya AHOV

Mpaka pano, mndandanda wa AHOV sunakhazikitsidwe, koma pali mndandanda wa zinthu zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabungwe ang'onoang'ono ndipo ngati zisasungidwe pazifukwa zabwino, ndiye ngozi yowopsa imatha kuchitika. Masiku ano, titha kuzindikira zinthu 9 zomwe zimayambitsa ngozi yaikulu kwa anthu ndi chilengedwe, mwa iwo nthawi zambiri - chlorine, ammonia, hydrogen sulphide, carbon disulfide, hydrogen fluoride.

Zotsatira za AXOB pa anthu

Ngozi ya mankhwala ingayambitse kumasula zinthu zoopsa ndi poizoni kwa anthu, mlengalenga ndi m'madzi. Zigawo zonse zoopsa zingakhale ndi zotsatira zosiyana pa thupi la munthu ndipo zimakhala ndi zotsatira zosiyana:

• Zowopsya. Ngati pakhungu, pakhungu ndi redness zingaonekere, zinthu monga: phosphorous, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen oxides.
• Kusokoneza zotsatira. Zinthu zoopsa zowopsa (AHOV) zingayambitse kutentha kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana pamene iwo alowa m'malo opuma ndi khungu. Zina mwa zinthu zimenezi ndi ammonia ndi hydrochloric acid.
• Zotsatira za kugwidwa. Ngati pali zinthu zoterezi m'mlengalenga, zotsatira zake zowonjezera zikhoza kukhala ngati asphyxia, zomwe zimapangitsa kufa, zinthu monga phosgene ndi chloropicrin.
• Zoopsa ndi mankhwala. Zinthu zoterezi zingakhudze thupi la munthu, ndipo zimayambitsa poizoni, pakati pa zinthu monga: arsenic hydrogen, hydrogen sulphide, ethylene oxide, hydrocyanic acid.
• Kusokoneza bongo. Zinthu zokhudzana ndi mitundu imeneyi, kulowa mu thupi la munthu, kuyamba kuwononga pang'onopang'ono, munthuyo sangasiye chizolowezi chomwe adapeza yekha ndipo ngati sichiyenera kuchitapo kanthu, pamapeto pake akhoza kutha molakwika.

Momwe mungadziwire ngoziyi ndi kutulutsidwa kwa AHOV mwachindunji ndipo kodi n'zotheka kuchita zimenezo?

Zizindikiro za kuipitsidwa kwa mankhwala

Munthuyo amatha kudziwa kuti kutulutsa mankhwala. Pali zizindikiro zingapo zomwe ziyenera kupangidwa kuti zitenge njira zoyenera kuteteza, kapena m'malo mwake:

• Kuwoneka kwa mtambo umene umakula pang'onopang'ono ndipo uli ndi chiyambi chachilendo;
• Osati fungo losangalatsa, kuphatikizapo zomwe zimayambitsa kutupa;
• Kutaya chidziwitso mwa anthu komanso malaise;
• Mkhalidwe wamantha;
• Kufota mofulumira kwa mitengo ndi zomera zina, imfa ya zinyama ndi mbalame.

Malamulo a chitetezo

Zonse zomwe zafotokozedwa pamwambapa za ngozi ndi kutulutsidwa kwa AHOV zimapangitsa munthu kuti asangonena za tsoka, koma motsogoleredwa chiteteze:

• Onetsetsani kuti mwamsanga muzigwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zoteteza, kuphatikizapo mpweya wa gasi;
• Pita kumalo osungira kapena kubisala m'nyumba, kutseka mawindo ndi zitseko;
• Molimbika ndi kuthandizidwa ndi minofu, kutseka ming'alu yonse m'nyumba kuti mutha kuyamwa zinthu zowopsa;
• Mitengo yonse imachotsedwa, chifukwa zinthu zina zimakhala ndi katundu wodzipangira;
• Ziwalo zowonjezera ziyenera kutetezedwa ndi njira iliyonse, mukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito thaulo, musanayambe kutsukidwa ndi yankho la soda.

Makampani oopsa

Chinthu choopsa choopsa cha mankhwala chimapezeka kawirikawiri pamagulu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga kapena, makamaka, amapangidwa. Makampani amenewa ndi awa:

• Mafuta, kuyenga mafuta, petrochemical ndi mabungwe ena ogwira ntchito yomweyo;
• Makampani opanga firiji amaikidwa, ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito refrigerant - ammonia;
• Mankhwala omwe klorini amagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Makampani onse omwe ali m'gulu lachiopsezo amatchulidwa kuti ndi chinthu choopsa kwambiri (OCT) m'madera omwe zinthu zoopsa zimasungidwa, kusinthidwa, kutengedwa kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Ku malonda oterowo, mankhwala oopsa mwangozi Ngati kusungidwa mosalongosoka, kungabweretse mavuto. Choncho, wogwira ntchito aliyense ayenera kupita njira zopezera chitetezo ndikudziwa bwino momwe angachitire ngati mwadzidzidzi phokoso la mankhwala owopsa lachitika.

Kuteteza anthu kuchokera ku mankhwala

Mankhwala ndi zinthu zoopsa zimayambitsa chiopsezo chachikulu ku chilengedwe, komanso kwa anthu, kotero kuti m'pofunika kuchiteteza chitetezo cha mankhwala chomwe chingathandize kuchotsa kapena kuchepetsa chikoka chawo pa anthu komanso ogwira ntchito, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa zotsatira za ngozi.

Miyeso yonse yokhudzana ndi chitetezo cha mankhwala ayenera kuchitidwa pasadakhale, osati nthawi imene ngozi yachitika kale. Ndi ogwira ntchito onse ogwira ntchito yoopsa komanso okhala m'madera oyandikana nawo, amachita ntchito zomwe zingatetezedwe ku zotsatira za AHOV:

• Machitidwe omwe amachititsa kuti vutoli likhale m'malo oopsa amalengedwa ndipo kenako amagwiritsidwa ntchito;
• Machenjezo aikidwa;
• Mapulani akukonzedwa momwe angapezere ngozi ya mankhwala;
• Amagulidwa mokwanira ndi kusungidwa pokonzekera kwathunthu njira zotetezera;
• Thandizo likukonzekera malo osungira, komwe mankhwala ndi zinthu zoopsa sizilowa. Ayenera kuyang'anitsitsa kufunitsitsa kwawo kuvomereza anthu pangozi ya ngozi;
• Miyeso yonse imatengedwa kuti ateteze zakudya, zakudya zopangira, madzi;
• Kukonzekera kwa RSES kumathandiza kuthetsa zotsatira za ngozi zamachimake kumaonetsetsa.

Ngati mwangozi ngoziyi idachitika, ndipo akuvulazidwa, ndiye kuti aliyense amene amagwira ntchito yoopsa ayenera kupereka thandizo loyamba.

Chithandizo choyamba cha poizoni wa AHOV

N'zotheka kupereka chithandizo chothandiza pakugonjetsedwa kwa AHOV kokha ngati zidziŵitso za zinthu zoopsa zamadzidzidzi zimadziwika mwamsanga. Kulongosola kolondola kwa momwe thupi la wozunzirayo linawotsidwira poizoni lidzakuthandizani kuti lichite mofulumira ndikupereka chithandizo choyamba, chomwe kawirikawiri chimaphatikizapo kuchita izi:

• Lekani kupeza thupi m'thupi (kuvala chigoba cha gasi kapena kuvala kwa thonje, kuchoka kunja kwa malo okhudzidwa);
• Mwamsanga mutha kuchotsa poizoni pakhungu;
• Monga momwe mungathere, kuti musayese zinthu zoopsa;
• Chotsani zizindikiro zazikulu za kugonjetsedwa;
• Kuwongolera njira zochepetsera mavuto ndi mankhwala oyenera.

Kutsiliza

Monga tafotokozera m'nkhaniyi, pali zinthu zambiri zoopsa padziko lapansi ndipo popanda izo sizidzakhala zotheka kuyendetsa, koma zongokhala zodziletsa komanso kusunga chitetezo zimapewa ngozi. Ngati izi sizinapambane, pakuthayi, n'zotheka kupulumutsa miyoyo ya anthu ndi zinyama kupyolera mwa kuyankhidwa mofulumira komanso kugwiritsa ntchito njira zonse zomwe zilipo kale.