Mabakiteriya ndi omwe amachititsa matendawa? Matenda a anthu omwe amabwera ndi mabakiteriya

Pali zisanu maufumu yaikulu ya zachilengedwe, nthumwi za zomwe imvera chofufuzidwa kwa zaka zambiri. Ali:

• nyama;
• zomera;
• bowa;
• mabakiteriya kapena prokaryotes;
• mavairasi.

Ngati nyama, zomera ndi bowa amadziwika kuti anthu kuyambira nthawi zambiri primordial, ndi mavairasi ndi mabakiteriya kuphunzira anthu a posachedwapa. Kwambiri yaing'ono kukula kwa zinthu izi kuti athe kuphunzira ndi apoyera. Ndicho chifukwa chake iwo akhala motalika chidabisidwa pamaso maso a anthu.

Amadziwika kuti amasewera osati ntchito zabwino. Choncho tidzayesetsa kuthetsa nkhani yoti mabakiteriya ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a matenda ena, ndipo nthawi zambiri anakonza ndi moyo ndi zilombo izi.

prokaryotes ndi ndani?

anthu onse okhala padziko lathuli ndi ofanana mu dongosolo - iwo ali wapangidwa maselo. N'zoona kuti mbali imodzi, ndi mbali zina - multicellular. Ngati ife kulankhula za nyama multicellular, ndiye onse uniformly. Bungwe ali pakati opangidwa kuchokera maselo. Koma pamene izo zifika zamoyo zokhala ndi selo imodzi, kuti ndife ogwirizana salinso, monga iwo anawagawa prokaryotes ndi eukaryotes.

Eukaryotes ndi zonse zamoyo, zomwe ndi maselo zinthu chibadwa, anakonza ngale ya. Pakuti prokaryotes - ngati zamoyo unicellular imene DNA ndi anagawira momasuka, izo si envelopu nyukiliya, choncho alibe pakati wonse. angelo amenewa anaganiza amanena:

• buluu wobiriwira algae;
• cyanobacteria;
• archaea;
• mabakiteriya.

Poyamba, kokha zamoyo amene anakhala pa dziko. Koma m'kupita zinafika zamoyo za maonekedwe a eukaryotic zamoyo multicellular, mkati amene anali prokaryotic maselo. Kenako olumikizidwa ndi kulowa muchiyanjano symbiotic, kukhala wokongola, wamphamvu, ndi kugonjetsedwa ndi mmene chilengedwe cha thupi, wokonzeka kubereka ndi kuchuluka, kwa chirengedwe.

Umboni wa chiphunzitso ndi anthu organelles sanali nyukiliya multicellular selo monga mitochondria ndi plastids (chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts).

Koma, mwatsoka, ambiri a maselo prokaryotic si vuto lililonse kwa zomera, nyama ndi anthu, monga amene anakhalabe ndi moyo mwa iwo. Iwo ali dzina ano mabakiteriya, kapena tizilombo ting'onoting'ono, ndipo anayamba kukhala ndi ufulu, kuchititsa mavuto kwa zolengedwa mwadongosolo.

Amadziwika kuti matenda ambiri kugwirizana ndi mabakiteriya, ntchito zawo zofunika. Ndipo osati anthu zimachitika, komanso akuluakulu a ena onse maufumu a chilengedwe.

A sewero mwachidule mbiri ya anapeza

Mabakiteriya zakhala zikumveka kwa zaka zoposa biliyoni 3.5. Panthawi imeneyi, kapangidwe awo sanasinthe. Chinthu chokha chimene chinali mu miyoyo yawo ndi mbiri yawo munthu.

Kodi Kupezeka kwa zinthu izi? Taganizirani magawo.

1. The wakale wasayansi Greek Aristotle ananena kuti pali kosaoneka ndi zolengedwa diso kuti padziko lonse, kuphatikizapo anthu. Angathe kuyambitsa matenda.
2. 1546 - Italy dokotala Girolamo Frakostoro adafotokoza kuti matenda amayamba ndi tizilombo, tizilombo ting'onoting'ono. Komabe, kutsimikizira sakanakhoza nakhalabe zodabwitsa.
3. 1676 - Antoni galimoto Leeuwenhoek anaphunzira kagawo wa Nkhata Bay pansi maso pa anatulukira wake (ndi maso woyamba kupanga ake anali wamkulu kwambiri ndi ankawoneka ngati gulu kalirole angapo raznoraspolozhennyh, anapereka ponso nthawi oposa mazana a). Chifukwa cha zimenezi, iye anatha kuona maselo amene amapanga makungwa a mtengo. Komanso kuyang'ana pa dontho la madzi, iye ankaona zinthu zambiri ting'onoting'ono amene amakhala dontho izi. Awa anali mabakiteriya, amene anapereka dzina "animalkuli".
4. 1840 - German dokotala Jakob Henle zikusonyeza kungoganizira zolondola mwamtheradi pa zotsatira za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda anthu, mwachitsanzo, kuti mabakiteriya - tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
5. 1862 - French sayansi Louis Pasteur chifukwa cha zatsopano mobwerezabwereza anasonyeza pamaso pa tizilombo mu amoyo onse mapangidwe, zinthu, zamoyo. Motero, iye anatsimikizira kungoganizira Hyun-Le, ndipo wayamba kale kukhala chiphunzitso, wotchedwa "nyongolosi chiphunzitso cha matenda." Chifukwa cha ntchito yake, wasayansi anali kupereka ya Nobel Prize.
6. 1877 - Robert Koch muyika mumachitidwe njira kudetsa mabakiteriya zikhalidwe.
7. 1884 - Hans galamu, dokotala. Kuti iye ndiye kugawa zilombo pa galamu HIV ndi galamu alibe, malingana ndi zimene kupanga utoto.
8. 1880 - Karg Ebert kupeza chifukwa cha typhoid - kanthu mabakiteriya ndodo woboola pakati.
9. 1882 - Robert Koch ndikuzindikiritsa tubercle Bacillus.
10. 1897 - Japanese dokotala Kie-shi Shiga anapeza chifukwa cha kamwazi
11. 1897 - Bernhard Bang anakhazikitsa chakuti pali mabakiteriya causative matenda nyama chifukwa mimba zawo.

Choncho, kupanga nzeru za tizilombo ndi matenda oyamba ndi iwo, ikupita patsogolo mofulumira. Ndipo lero kale anafotokoza nthumwi zoposa 10 sauzande prokaryotes osiyana. Komabe, maulosi asayansi kuti m'dziko limene pali mitundu yoposa miliyoni.

Science wa prokaryotes

Mabakiteriya oimira causative matenda opatsirana nthawizonse chidwi sayansi, chifukwa chidziwitso cha iwo amakulolani kuthetsa matenda ambiri osati anthu komanso nyama ndi zomera. Choncho anapanga sayansi angapo amene amachita naye phunziro la nkhaniyi.

1. Microbiology - ambiri sayansi kuti amaphunzira zinthu zing'onozing'ono onse, monga mabakiteriya.
2. Bacteriology - sayansi nkhawa ndi phunziro tizilombo, mabakiteriya zawo zosiyanasiyana, moyo, kugawa ndi chikoka pa dziko otizungulira.
3. Mwaukhondo tizilombo tosaoneka ndi maso - akuyendayenda zodzitetezera pa chitukuko cha matenda bakiteriya anthu.
4. Chowona Zanyama Microbiology - amasanthula mabakiteriya causative matenda opatsirana nyama, mankhwala, mankhwala, kupewa matenda.
5. Medical Microbiology - ikufotokoza mmene mabakiteriya pa miyoyo ya anthu onse okhala mu mawu a mankhwala.

Kuwonjezera maselo bakiteriya pali zamoyo unicellular mogwirizana toyambitsa anthu, nyama ndi zomera. Mwachitsanzo, amoeba, majeremusi a malungo, trypanosomes, ndi zina zotero. Komanso akutsutsa akuphunzira Medical Microbiology.

ndi mabakiteriya chiyani?

Pali zapansi ziwiri gulu la maselo bakiteriya. Woyamba zachokera mfundo yolekanitsa maselo tating'onoting'ono zosiyanasiyana mu mawonekedwe. Choncho, pa mfundo imeneyi kuonetsetsa:

• Cocci kapena ozungulira, zamoyo mpira zooneka. Mulinso mitundu angapo: diplococci, streptococci, staphylococci, micrococci, sartsiny, tetrakokki. Oimira miyeso amenewa musalumphe 1 micron. Ndi kwa gulu ili monga ambiri amene amatchedwa "nthumwi za matenda."
• Coli, kapena mabakiteriya ndodo woboola pakati. Zosiyanasiyana mu maonekedwe maselo onse: wokhazikika, ananena, kalabu woboola pakati, vibrio, odulidwa, yokhota kumapeto, unyolo. mabakiteriya zonsezi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Kodi mtundu wa matenda? Pafupifupi matenda onse kwa munthu lero.
• zamoyo Crimped. Ogaŵikana spirillae ndi spirochetes. Woonda zopotoka helical dongosolo, ena ndi tizilombo tizilomboto, ndi zina - oimira microflora yachibadwa matumbo a nyama ndi anthu.
• Nthambi mabakiteriya - kwenikweni amafanana ndodo woboola pakati, koma mapeto ndi madigiri ramifications osiyanasiyana. Zikuphatikizapo Bifidobacteria, n'chofunikira zabwino mu miyoyo ya anthu.

Gawo lina la maselo bakiteriya zachokera ntchito panopa: RNA dongosolo, morphological ndi katundu amuzolengedwa ndi kulemekeza kudetsa ndi zina zotero. Pa malo awa mabakiteriya onse akhoza kugawidwa mu mitundu 23, omwe zikuphatikizapo angapo makalasi, genera ndi mitundu.

Ndi zotheka kuti m'kagulu ndi tizilombo monga njira mphamvu pa mtundu kupuma, malo azikhala ndi zina zotero.

The ntchito mabakiteriya mu umunthu

Ntchito tizilombo anthu aphunzira kuchokera kalelo. Ku mbali yawo zinali ndithu ntchito dala, koma malonda kuchokera mu chirengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, opangidwa mowa, nayonso mphamvu zinachitika.

Ndi kupita kwa nthaŵi ndi njira yoyamba ya moyo wa tizilombo timeneti, munthu kugwiritsa ntchito iwo kwambiri zosowa zawo. Boma zingapo chuma tingaone, amene zogwirizana ndi sayansi. Mabakiteriya ntchito:

1. Makampani chakudya: adzaphika mitanda ndi mikate, vinyo, mankhwala mkaka ndi zina zotero.
2. Mankhwala kaphatikizidwe: mabakiteriya kubala amino zidulo, organic zidulo, mapuloteni, mavitamini, lipids, mankhwala, michere, inki, zidulo mkati, dzuwa ndi zina zotero.
3. Medicine: mankhwala kuchepetsa microflora chilengedwe mkati, mankhwala ndi zina zotero.
4. Agriculture: Kukonzekera kwa zomera zikule ndi mankhwala a nyama, mabakiteriya tizilombo ta, kulola kuonjezera zokolola mkaka zipatso ndi dzira kupanga, ndi zina zotero.
5. Ubale: nefterazlagayuschie tizilombo processing zatsalira organic ndi zochita kupanga ozungulira kuyeretsa sing'anga.

Komabe, kuwonjezera pa Phindu la ntchito mabakiteriya, anthu sangathe tichotse negative. Ndipotu, ena mabakiteriya ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a matenda? Yovuta kwambiri, oopsa ndipo nthawi zina amapha. Choncho, udindo wawo chilengedwe ndi moyo wa anthu wapawiri.

Tizilombo tizilomboto: mudziwe ambiri

Kunyamula tizilombo ting'onoting'ono ngati tizilombo kuti kungawononge minofu ndi machitidwe mkati limba anthu ndi nyama. Pa matabwa ake kunja ndi mkati, iwo alibe kumasiyana mabakiteriya opindulitsa: tating'ono denga ndi chipolopolo wandiweyani (cell khoma) kunja mucic cloaked mu kapisozi oteteza ku chimbudzi kuchokera mkati khamu ndi kuyanika. Nkhani majini ndi anagawira mwa selo mu mawonekedwe a unyolo DNA. M'mikhalidwe chowawa, amatha kupanga spores - kugwera mu khalidwe la torpor imene yopuma kwambiri m'thupi pamaso kuyambiranso zinthu zabwino.

Mabakiteriya ndi wothandizila causative matenda amene anthu chifukwa? Anthu mosavuta kudzera mwa m'malovu airborne, ndi mwachindunji kukhudzana kapena kukhudzana ndi mucosal lotseguka khungu. Izi zikutanthauza kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda angatchedwe zida zoopsa. Ndipotu angathe kuyambitsa lonse mliri, mliri, epiphytotics epizootic ndi zina zotero. Ndiko kuti, matenda, kuphimba lonse dziko, amene wavulala ndi zomera (epiphytotics), ndi nyama (matenda epizootic) ndi anthu (mliri).

Mwatsoka, mitundu yonse ya anthu kuphunzira munthu kwathunthu. Choncho, palibe chitsimikizo kuti nthawi iliyonse pali matenda aliwonse, anthu sadziwa. Izi amaika udindo aakulu microbiologists, akatswiri a zachipatala ndi virologists.

Kodi matenda amayamba ndi tizilombo?

Pali matenda ambiri. Izi si kuunikila ena wamba. Chifukwa bakiteriya zingakhudze osati nyama, komanso zomera zimakhala. Choncho, matenda onse, omwe chifukwa cha iwo, zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu angapo.

1. Anthroponotic matenda - iwo amene ali wapadera kwa anthu ndi matenda mulole mosamalitsa pakati pa iwo (anthu tizilombo toyambitsa matenda). Zitsanzo za matenda: typhoid, kolera, nthomba, chikuku, kamwazi, diphtheria ndi ena.
2. matenda Zoonotic - matenda ngati zimene zimachitika nyama ndi kuti iwo kunyamula pa okha, koma mwa njira iliyonse munthu matenda. Mwachitsanzo, tizilombo ting'onoting'ono kapena nyama zina, nyama kulankhula ndi khungu ndi njira kupuma wa munthu pali kulanda spores bakiteriya. Matenda: glanders, tizilombo ta matenda, mliri, tularemia, matenda a chiwewe, phazi ndi matenda pakamwa.
3. Epifitoznye matenda - matenda zomera ndi bakiteriya. Zikuphatikizapo zowola, chikanga, zotupa, zilonda zamoto, choipitsa toyambitsa matenda ena mabakiteriya.

Taganizirani matenda anthu oyamba ndi bakiteriya. Iwo amene ali ambiri. Ndi iwo amene ndinakutulutsani m'mbuyomu ndi zambiri panopa mavuto ndi vuto anthu.

mabakiteriya munthu

matenda oyamba ndi bakiteriya, nthawi anachititsa kwambiri zoipa ndiponso kuwonongeka kwa umoyo wa anthu. Ambiri ndi owopsa a iwo ali motere:

1. Mliri - mawu choopsa kwa anthu mullion Ages ndi Kubadwa Kwatsopano. matenda ambiri anafa. Poyamba mliri odwala zinali zofanana ndi imfa, sitinalandire anatulukira njira ya katemera ndi mankhwala a matenda oopsa opatsirana. Tsopano, matenda kumachitika m'mayiko ena otentha ndi mosamalitsa zoonotic khalidwe.
2. Erysipelas - matenda a ziweto, makamaka nkhumba, nkhuku, nkhosa ndi akavalo. Anthu. Kuzitcha izo tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, zomwe Erysipelothrix insidiosa dzina. Kulimbana matenda ndi yosavuta, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda awa amaopa dzuwa, kutentha ndi soda. Panopa matenda si sizachilendo. Maonekedwe a foci zimadalira yoteteza zinyama.
3. Diphtheria. Owopsa matenda a thirakiti chapamwamba kupuma, akupereka mavuto amphamvu mtima. Lero ndi osowa kwambiri chifukwa katemera wa ikuchitika mu magawo oyambirira kuti akule.
4. Kamwazi. Kuyambitsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndiwo mayina a Shigella (Shigella). Gwero la matenda anthu odwala amene angathe kupereka kachilombo banja, amadzimadzi kapena pini (kudzera pakamwa) ndi. Akhudzidwa kwambiri ana. Kudwala kamwazi kungakhale kangapo komanso asanazolowere matenda kupangidwa zosakhalitsa.
5. Tularemia - chifukwa cha bakiteriya Francisella tularensis. Hardy kwambiri, kugonjetsedwa ndi kutentha, mmene chilengedwe matenda. Chithandizo cha zovuta, osati kwathunthu otukuka.
6. TB - otchedwa Koch a Wand. A matenda zovuta zokhudza mapapo ndi ziwalo zina. kachitidwe mankhwala yapangidwa ndi lofala koma kuthetseratu matenda akhala chisawawa.
7. Akuphokosera chifuwa - matenda chifukwa cha bakiteriya Bordetella pertussis. Yodziwika ndi maonekedwe a kuukira wamphamvu wa kukhosomola. Katemera ana aang'ono.
8. Chindoko - matenda sizachilendo opatsirana kudzera mu kugonana. Iye anaitana spirochete tizilomboto trypanosomes. Iwo zimakhudza kumaliseche, maso, khungu, dongosolo chapakati mantha, mafupa ndi mafupa. Chithandizo ndi mankhwala, mankhwala odziwika.
9. Chinzonono - komanso chindoko, matenda a m'zaka za zana XXI. Kufala kwa mankhwala pogonana. Ndi bakiteriya - gonococcus.
10. Tetanus - chifukwa cha ndodo Clostridium tetani, amene limatulutsa ndi poizoni wamphamvu mu thupi la munthu. Zimenezi zimabweretsa omangana zoopsa ndi contractions amavutitsa minofu.

Kumene, pali mabakiteriya ena ndi matenda. Koma anatchula ambiri ndi lalikulu.

tizilomboto nyama

The matenda ambiri nyama imene amayamba ndi tizilombo monga:

• botulism;
• kafumbata;
• pasteurellosis;
• colibacteriosis;
• utagwa mliri;
• glanders;
• melioidosis;
• yersiniosis;
• vibriosis;
• actinomycosis;
• tizilombo ta matenda;
• phazi ndi matenda pakamwa.

Onsewo chifukwa mabakiteriya ena. Matenda makamaka wokhoza kuwapereka kwa anthu, kotero iwo ndi owopsa kwambiri ndi lalikulu. The miyeso waukulu kupewa kufalikira kwa matenda - kusunga nyama woyera, chisamaliro mosamala iwo, kucheza ndi odwala.

chomera tizilomboto

Pakati tizilomboto zoipa kuti kupatsira dongosolo muzu ndi mphukira wa zomera ndi potero kupangitsa kuwononga kwambiri ulimi, ambiri ali oyimira zotsatirazi:

• Mycobacteriaceae;
• Pseudomonadaceae;
• Bacteriaceae.

matenda zomera ndi bakiteriya amene amayambitsa kuwola ndi imfa ya mbali zotsatirazi zomera nakulitsa:

• mizu;
• masamba;
• zimayambira;
• zipatso
• inflorescence;
• muzu mbewu.

Ndiko kuti, mbewu lonse angakhudzidwe ndi wothandizila pa. Nthawi zambiri amadwala kubzala ngati ulimi, mbatata, kabichi, chimanga, tirigu, anyezi, tomato, Rustica, mphesa, mitengo yosiyanasiyana ya zipatso ndi zipatso zina, masamba ndi mbewu.

The matenda zazikulu zotsatirazi:

• matenda bakiteriya;
• khansara;
• bakiteriya malo;
• kuvunda;
• moto;
• woyambira bacteriosis;
• moto choipitsa;
• mphete zowola;
• blackleg;
• gummosis;
• milozo bacteriosis;
• wakuda bacteriosis ndi ena.

Panopa botanists ndi tizilombo tosaoneka ndi maso ulimi wakhala akufunafuna mwakhama ntchito kupeza mankhwala chomera chitetezo ku matenda ameneŵa.