Kupanga gasi

Pochita nayerobic (methane kapena anoxic) fermentation mu matumbo a dziko lapansi, kuyimika kwadothi kwa zinthu zakuthupi kumachitika ndi kumasulidwa kwa methane yaulere (CH4 - mafuta ofunika kwambiri a paraffinic hydrocarbon). Chodabwitsa ichi chikhoza kufotokozedwa ndi zomwe equation reaction: organic substances + H2O → CH4 + C5H7NO2 + CO2 + NH4 + H2CO3. Chotsatira chake, chilengedwe chothandizira chachilengedwe chimapangidwa. Zimakhala m'magawo osungiramo pansi ndipo zili mu gaseous kapena crystalline (monga mpweya wa hydrates - mankhwala a methane ndi madzi, khola pamsinkhu wapamwamba ndi kutentha, ali mu permafrost). Kuwonjezera apo, ikhoza kusungunuka m'madzi kapena mafuta. Gulu lachilengedwe silikhala lokhazikika ndipo limasiyana kuchokera kumunda kupita kumunda.

Chinthu chachikulu cha mcherewu ndi methane, zomwe zili m'kati mwake kuyambira 91 mpaka 98%. Palinso mafuta olemera kwambiri a paraffinic: koma butane (C4H10), propane (C3H8), ethane (C2H6). Pali zinthu zakuthupi zomwe zimaphatikizapo: hydrogen (H2), nayitrogeni (N2), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), helium (He), madzi otentha (H2O). Zomwe zimapangidwanso ndi kapangidwe ka gasi, komanso njira zoyesera zimayendetsedwa ndi GOST 5542-87. Miyezo imeneyi inakhazikitsidwa ndikuyambitsidwa ku USSR, ndipo ikugwira ntchito m'mayiko angapo a CIS. Amagwiritsa ntchito mafuta amtengo wapatali, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mafuta ndi zipangizo zamakampani, komanso ngati mafuta m'nyumba ya boma.

Zili pamtunda wa makilomita angapo (m'munsi mwa mafuta), chifukwa zimakhala ndi mavuto aakulu komanso kutentha. Kuchuluka kwake kumachitika kumadalira ndalama, mwachitsanzo, pafupi ndi Novy Urengoy imayendetsedwa pamtunda wa 6 km. Mpweya umene umachokera ku zitsime, umadyetsedwa kuchokera pansi kupita ku zosonkhanitsa, ndipo umakonzedwa ndikusamutsira wogula. Pofuna kukonzekera pafupi ndi dipatimentiyo, malo oikapo apadera amaikidwa kuti atulutse madzi (amalepheretsa kuyenda) ndi mankhwala a sulufule (iwo ndi zinthu zowonongeka zomwe zimachepetsa moyo wa zipangizo ndipo zingabweretse mavuto). Gulu lachilengedwe limaganiziridwa kale komanso pambuyo poyanika muzitsulo zamadzimadzi ndi kuyeretsa kwa hydrogen sulphide.

Helium imatulutsanso zomera. Pankhaniyi pali mavuto awiri. Helium yoyamba (He) imachepetsa makhalidwe omwe amaperekedwa ndi GOST 5542-87, mwachitsanzo, kutenthedwa kwa moto. Yachiŵiri - heliamu, yomwe inali yotalikirana pa chomera chochepa chotentha, ndi chinthu chamtengo wapatali m'magulu ambiri a chuma cha dziko lonse lapansi, imapezeka pamtengo wokhala ndi oposa 0.1%. Helium yomwe imachotsedwa pansi pampanipani wambiri imatumizidwa kwa ogula muzitsulo zitsulo. Makhalidwe abwino a helium, kuphatikizapo gasi lachilengedwe, amafufuzidwa chifukwa cha zinthu zosafunika muzipangizo zamakono zamakono.

Zomwe zili ndi zida za hydrocarbon zikufufuzidwa molingana ndi GOST 23781-87. Malinga ndi chikalata ichi, chilengedwe cha gasichi chimadziwika ndi njira za chromatographic. Helium, hydrogen, nayitrogeni, oxygen ndi methane - pa chromatograph ndi kachipangizo kamene kamatulutsa kachipangizo kamene kali ndi chromatographic yomwe ili ndi sieves ya maselo. Mankhwala a hydrocarboni ndi carbon dioxide - pogwiritsa ntchito chromatograph ndi mankhwala otentha otetezera komanso ndi chingwe chodzazidwa ndi spherochrome chithandizo ndi TEGM ether. Zomwe zili ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu za C4-C8 - pa chromatograph ndi detector ya ioniyoni detector ndi chromatographic column yodzazidwa ndi chithandizo chotetezeka cha chromaton), chochitidwa ndi squalane kapena dimethyl silicone. Yerekezerani kuti mukupanga gasi lachilengedwe mu% volumetric.

Amafufuzanso maonekedwe ena omwe amatsimikizira ubwino wa mankhwalawo, pazigawo zosiyana siyana za kupanga: kuchokera nthawi yothira kupita kwa wogula. Mwachitsanzo, madzi akuyikidwa molingana ndi mame akunena, GOST 20060-83. Kuphatikiza kwapakati , kutsika ndi kutentha kwa moto kumawerengedwa molingana ndi GOST 22667-82 ndi maziko a zigawo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi njira ya chromatographic yofufuza molingana ndi GOST 23781-87. Kuti mudziwe hydrogen sulphide (H2S) ndi mercaptan sulfure (RSH), imodzi mwa njira zitatu (colorimetric, potentiometric kapena iodometric) imagwiritsidwa ntchito, yomwe imalongosola GOST 22387.2-97 ndipo imasankhidwa malinga ndi zomwe zili m'zigawozo. Maphunziro onse, omwe maziko a gasi lachilengedwe amadziwika, amachitika mu makina opangira mankhwala omwe ayenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira za GOST R ISO / IEC 17025-2009.