Kodi dinosaur amawoneka bwanji. Mitundu, malongosoledwe ndi zithunzi za dinosaurs

Zaka mamiliyoni zapitazo izi zimphona za dziko lakale - dinosaurs analamulira pa dziko lapansi. Pokhapokha m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi zinayi, asayansi adayamba kuphunzira zotsalira zawo. Panali mafunso ambiri okhudzana ndi nkhanza zakale. Mmodzi mwa iwo: "Kodi dinosaur ikuwoneka bwanji?" - sichinafotokozedwe bwino. Mtsinje waukulu ukulekanitsa munthu wamakono ndi zinyama zodabwitsa kuti alankhule molimba mtima za maonekedwe awo.

Amphona akale a padziko lapansi

Panali ma dinosaurs (chithunzi ndi kufotokozera zina mwa izo zomwe mungazione m'nkhani yathu) pafupifupi zaka 230 miliyoni zapitazo. Nthaŵi ya chiyambi cha zolengedwa izi ndi nthawi ya Triassic, yomwe maluwa ake anagwa pa Jurassic, ndipo kuwonongeka kunachitika pamapeto a Cretaceous. Kwa zaka mamiliyoni za moyo, dinosaurs afalikira padziko lonse. Mabwinja awo anapezeka ngakhale ku Antarctica.

Mitundu ya dinosaurs

Pakalipano, asayansi amadziwa zoposa zikwi chikwi za zamoyo zamtundu wakale. Amagawidwa kukhala zinyama, zamoyo zam'madzi, zamadzi ndi zouluka. Kusiyanasiyana koteroko kumabweretsa mavuto aakulu, chifukwa kaŵirikaŵiri m'manja mwa asayansi kudziwa mtundu wa zinyama zakale zili bwino mafupa angapo.

Kodi ochita kafukufuku amavomerezanso bwanji mazembulu akale?

Mitundu ya ma dinosaurs yomwe ikufotokozedwa ikhoza kupezeka paliponse - m'mabuku a encyclopedia pamasiku akale a dziko lathu lapansi, ntchito za sayansi, mabuku a ana. Mafilimu ochuluka, zolemba zojambula ndi zojambula za ana zimaperekedwa kwa zimphona zammbuyo. Mukapempha munthu aliyense, adzalongosola bwino momwe amazembera akale amaonekera. Kodi timadziwa bwanji ma dinosaurs amawoneka ngati? Zithunzi ndi mavidiyo omwe ali nawo, ndithudi, sangathe kupezeka, chifukwa akhalapo mamiliyoni a zaka zapitazo. Yankho likupezeka mu zotsalira za zokwawa izi. Mpaka pano, adapeza zoposa zikwi zana. Izi zimaphatikizapo osati mafupa okha, komanso mazira a dinosaur, malungo awo, osasunthirapo zidindo za paws ndi matupi.

Malinga ndi zidutswa za mafupa, asayansi amabwezeretsa maonekedwe a ziwindi. Kodi mafupa a dinosaur amawoneka motani? Kunja iwo amasiyana ndi zotsalira za zinyama zamakono mu kukula ndi digiri ya kutetezedwa. Mwamwayi, kupeza kwa mafupa onse kumakhala kosayembekezereka. Kawirikawiri, asayansi amafunika kudziwa zomwe dinosaur amawoneka, potsata zotsalira.

Kodi mafupa a dinosaur amapezeka kuti?

Padziko lapansi pali malo ambiri omwe mungapeze mabwinja a zimphona zakale. Ku chigawo cha Alberta m'chigawo cha Canada kunapeza zoposa 1,000 zopezeka. Awa anali mabwinja a lizard-centrosaurs. Ku Argentina, m'chigawo cha Chubut, mafupa asanu ndi awiri a titanosaurs adapezeka. Ku Mexico m'chaka cha 2014, m'madera ena a chipululu, mafupa a mzati 14 anapezeka. Zotsalira zambiri za dinosaurs zikupitirirabe mu chigawo cha China cha Shandong. Kumeneku kunapezeka mafupa a thonje zazikulu - zinyama zamakedzana za tyrannosaurus ndi ankylosaurus.

Kodi njira yobwezeretsa maonekedwe a ziwindi zakale ndi yotani?

Dinosaurs anakhala miyandamiyanda yapitazo. Matenda ofanana panthawiyi atembenukira ku fumbi, ndipo mafupa adandaula. Kuyambira m'zaka za zana la XIX, momwe dinosaur amawonekera, taphunzira zambiri, koma tsopano palibe chitsimikizo ngati asayansi akukonza maonekedwe awo.

Ntchitoyi ndi yovuta komanso yowonjezera nthawi. Choyamba muyenera kusonkhanitsa kuchokera ku zidutswa zomwe zimapezeka mitsempha. Ngati palibe mbali zokwanira, ayenera kubwezeretsedwa. Pambuyo pa ntchito ojambula amayamba. Pamagazi ndi mafupa amabweretsanso thupi ndi khungu la buluzi. Pachifukwachi, njira imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa sayansi ya zamankhwala. Monga khungu la dinosaur likuwoneka, zinali zotheka kupeza chifukwa cha zidutswa zakale, zomwe maonekedwe ake ndi maonekedwe ake amawoneka bwino. Inali yopanda madzi, yowuma ndipo inali ndi mamba. Pamapepala omwe amapezeka ooneka bwino kwambiri ndi zotanuka pakhungu. Mitundu ina ya zamoyo zamtundu wakale zinatetezedwa ndi chipolopolo. Izi zikuphatikizapo ankylosaurs.

Imodzi mwa mavuto omwe amadziwitsa momwe dinosaur amawonekera ndikupeza mtundu wa khungu. Ngakhale akatswiri a kaleontologist sangathe kuyankha moona mtima funso ili. Choncho, monga maziko omanganso maonekedwe a buluzi, nyama zamakono ndi mbalame zimatengedwa. Choncho, wojambula wotchedwa Tyler Killor, yemwe analamula asayansi kuti azibwezeretsa maonekedwe a dinosaur ruogsa, anatenga mtundu wa nkhono ya mbalameyi ngati chitsanzo.

Koma ngakhale chithunzi chokonzedwa bwino kwambiri cha dinosaur chikhoza kusintha. Zipangizo zamakono zamakono ndi zomwe zapezeka posachedwapa mu paleontology zimapereka chidziŵitso chatsopano pa zimphona zakale.

Momwe dinosaur akuwonekera: ndondomeko yowonjezera

Zilonda zamakedzana zinagawidwa madongosolo akuluakulu awiri: mpheta ndi mbalame. Zomalizirazo zinali zinyama (herbivores). Dinosaurs zamagazi zinagawidwa m'magulu awiri: theropods (odyetsa) ndi sauropods. Awa ndiwo nthumwi za pangolinas zazikulu ndi matupi akulu ndi makosi aatali: apatosaurus, diplodocus, brachiosaurus). Nthambi iliyonse ya dinosaurs imayimilidwa ndi bipedal pangolins ndi omwe adayenda miyendo inayi.

Kawirikawiri dinosaurs odyera amadwala miyendo iwiri.

Pali lingaliro lakuti ma dinosaurs onse anali okula kwambiri. Izo siziri choncho. Ena mwa iwo anali ngati zimphona zenizeni (seismosaurus, spinoza), ndi tizilombo ting'onoting'ono (komsognat, heterodontosaurus).

Dinosaurs - imodzi mwa zozizwitsa zomwe zimayimira zinyama zapadziko lathu lino. Iwo adagwirizanitsa zizindikiro za magulu angapo a zinyama zamakono omwe tsopano anali okhaokha: ng'ona, abuluzi, mbalame ndi zinyama.

Ndi ng'ona, khungu lawo ndi malo ameno zimawabweretsa pafupi. Tsaga ndi lofanana ndi lazidzidzi, ndipo mawonekedwe a mafupawa ndi ofanana ndi ma dinosaurs ndi zinyama. Mapangidwe a pelvis ndi kumbuyo kwa miyendo imabweretsa zinyama zakale pafupi ndi mbalame.

Ambiri a dinosaurs ankasunthira kumapazi achimuna, omwe amakhala pamtunda, akutsamira poyenda pala zala. Njira imeneyi yawapangitsa kuti ayambe kugwira ntchito.

Mikangano yokhudza mawonekedwe a ziwalo mkati mwa chilengedwe cha asayansi mpaka lero. Chimene iwo anali, tsopano sichikhoza kutsimikiziridwa, kotero maziko amachotsedwa ndi mbalame ndi abuluzi. Zina zochepa zimadziwika za ubongo wa ziweto zakale. Zifuwa zonse zopezeka zimatilola ife kuganiza ndi mwakuya kwambiri kuti mwangwiro izo zikufanana ndi ubongo wamabulu amakono.

Pali mavuto ali ndi kufotokoza kwa mtundu wa khungu. Mwina ena a dinosaurs anali ndi khungu la mtundu woteteza. Ena akhoza kukhala ndi mtundu wowala motsatira chitsanzo cha nkhanza zamakono.

Malingana ndi kafukufuku waposachedwapa, nthiti zambiri zamakedzana zinali ndi nthenga.

Izi sizodziwika kwambiri ndi archeopteryx, komanso micro-torptor, caudipteryx ndi ena.

Maonekedwe odabwitsa: dinosaurs otchuka komanso odabwitsa kwambiri

Pakati pa akazembe akale pali anthu okondweretsa kwambiri, omwe maonekedwe awo sali achilendo. Zuhomim - chilombo chachikulu - ndi kamphongo kakang'ono kofanana ndi ng'ona, ndipo chingwe cha choyamba chala pazitsulo zake zinkakhala kutalika kwa masentimita oposa 30.

Carnotaur anali ndi nyanga. Ali ndi nyama izi, zomwe mwachidziwikire zinagwira ntchito ya zizindikiritso.

Griposaurus anali ndi milomo ndi mano pafupifupi 800. Iye anali wamaliseche kapena nyama, koma osadziwika.

Tyrannosaurus Rex ndi dinosaur, kufotokozera komwe kumakhala kosangalatsa nthawi zonse. Ndi imodzi mwa ziweto zazikulu kwambiri zapitazo, zomwe maonekedwe ndi kukula kwake zimawoneka zodabwitsa.

Anali ndi miyendo iwiri, anali ndi mutu waukulu, womwe unali wolemera kwambiri ndi mchira waukulu. Chinthu chodziwika bwino cha tyrannosaurus ndi chakuti, ndi miyendo yamphongo yamphamvu, iyo inali ndi zing'onoting'ono zazing'ono zam'manja ndi zala ziwiri. Chifukwa chakuti pakati pa makumi atatu ndi makumi asanu ndi atatu omwe anapeza zirombo za wodzitetezerazi, zina zidasungidwa kwathunthu, asayansi anatha kufufuza bwino momwe zimakhalira, biology ndi biomechanics.

Kutsiliza

Mbiri ya zimphona zodabwitsa, miyandamiyanda yapitazo, akukhala pa Dziko Lapansi, sizinaphunzire mokwanira mpaka mapeto. Zotsatira zatsopano ndi njira zolondola zofufuza zingasonyeze zinsinsi zambiri za njira ya moyo, maonekedwe ndi thupi la ma dinosaurs.