Mitundu yonse ya zinyamazi ndi maudindo, mafotokozedwe

Asayansi kuti inakhala padziko lathuli za Zaka 500 miliyoni., 200 mln. Mwa iwo mu ulamuliro wa zokwawa unali zinyamazi. Pa nthawi ina, ndi zokwawa wakale ndi korona wa chilengedwe cha uthunthu mayi, ndi mphukira zawo - zinyamazi - ngakhale ankaimira chimake cha chitukuko cha zokwawa zonse zimene zakhalako, ukhale dzikoli. Mitundu yonse ya zinyamazi, komanso moyo wawo, panyengo zosiyanasiyana anakwanitsa mzake, ndi chikhalidwe zathandizira kuti miyoyo yawo kusintha onse atsopano.

ndi zokwiriridwa ndi ndani?

Musanayambe ndipo ine ndikudziwa, kodi mitundu ya zinyamazi kuti moyo padziko lathuli panthawi zosiyanasiyana, muyenera kudziwa kumene onse anayamba. Kuphunzira moyo wochokera mu nyengo kutali, sayansi chikuchita ndi paleontology. Dzinali amachokera ku mawu atatu Greek: "Palaios" - wakale, "Ontos" - kukhala "Logos" - mawu. Anthu nawo sayansi, wotchedwa zokwiriridwa. ntchito yawo ndi pang'ono ngati ntchito ofufuza: ndi zidutswa anamwazikana ndipo mafupawa zokwiriridwa muyenera kubwezeretsa chithunzi chonse cha Nthawi makedzana. A mbali yaikulu mu izi ankaimba ndi yodziŵiratu zinthu pasadakhale awo, pamodzi logic ndi m'maganizo.

Ngakhale mfundo waung'ono kwambiri ayenera mosamala. Zokwiriridwa kuwasonkhanitsa pang'ono pang'ono. Izi ndi mwachilungamo mumzindawo ndi kugwira ntchito mwakhama, chifukwa ambiri a zochitika zakale zapita wosatha, osati ngakhale kusiya kufufuza osakwatira miyala. Ndi chifukwa cha khama la anthu awa, tingaphunzire za zimene amaloledwa kamodzi kumene kuli dziko Lapansi, mtundu wa dinosaur kumeneko, zimene zimaoneka ngati, momwe iwo ankakhalira, amene anali kufuna mmene kupulumutsa anthu kapena zina chikuchitika. Zokwiriridwa akwanitsa recreate chithunzi pang'ono pang'ono za dziko la chi lalikulu la zinyamazi lapansi.

Kodi kulenga nthawi ya zinyamazi chiyani?

Kumene, mitundu yonse ya zinyamazi ndi mitundu nthambi kwa iwo pa m'badwo wopambana wa zokwawa, sanathe moti ambiri ndi ambiri, ngati lathuli sunayambe ndipo si anapanga bwino. Dinosaur nyengo akhoza kugawidwa m'mbali zingapo. Kuona mwachidule aliyense wa iwo.

• Archaea. Iyi ndi nthawi yoyamba, nthawi oyambirira. Izi ndi mfundo za umboni wochokera umene umachokera nyengo zokwawa. Panthawi imeneyi, dziko yekha anayamba uka moyo, anadza zamoyo wa zamoyo zokhala ndi selo imodzi.
• Proterozoic. Nthawi imeneyi, dziko anayamba kuoneka zinyama multicellular ndi zomera.
• Mathanthwe. The Mathanthwe moyo Padziko Lapansi chinayamba mwachangu, panali algae ndi invertebrates m'madzi.
• Ordovician. Ndi nthawi ikusonyezedwa ndi maonekedwe a nyama zimene zili woyamba pa anthu padziko lonse.
• Silurian. Mu nthawi Silurian, invertebrates ndi mitundu ina kusuntha kwa madzi pamtunda.
• Devon. nthawi uwu khalidwe ndi maonekedwe a gymnosperms, komanso nyama monga achule, arachnids (akangaude, nthata), tizilombo.
• Karbon. Ndi pano kunayamba nthawi ya zokwawa wakale. Zokwawa, anaonekera mu nthawi ino, ogaŵikana nthambi zitatu: anapsid, Synapsid, Diapsid. Pa nthawi yomweyo pa dziko anayamba kutuluka ndi conifers woyamba ndi tizilombo chakuwuluka.
• Perm. Permian nthawi amalembedwa ndi maonekedwe a woyamba kafadala, mphutsi, zolengedwa Hymenoptera, woyamba abuluzi ang'ono ndi archosaurs oyambirira.
• Trias. Zokwiriridwa apeza kuti pa nthawi iyi lathuli anayamba kuchuluka ntchentche woyamba, pamene otsiriza wakale amphibian - stegocephalia - anakhala zinatha. Ife akufa ndi akuluakulu a anapsid kalasi. Mu nthawi Triassic anali ng'ona choyamba, akamba, zokwawa zouluka, nyama ndipo, ndithudi, zinyamazi.
• Jura. Jurassic nyengo - ndi mtundu wa kukwaniritsidwa kwa zaka zinyamazi. Inali pa nthawi imeneyi Earth panali angiosperms, anayamba agulugufe zouluka, wobadwa ena achule amakono (yemweyo wobiriwira chule), aliyense akale mbalame (Archeopteryx), ndi kumene, mtundu watsopano wa zinyamazi. Mu nthawi Jurassic anakhala zinatha oimira lomaliza la Synapsid kalasi.
• Mel. Angiosperms potsiriza kulanda dzikolo. Panali amakono mitundu ya nyerere ndi udzudzu. Komanso, nthawi Cretaceous - ichi ndi mapeto a m'badwo wopambana wa zokwawa: panthawi imeneyi panali ikutha wathunthu wa zinyamazi, ndi zokwawa za m'madzi, ndi pterosaurs. Iwo Cretaceous nthawi amalembedwa ndi maonekedwe a nyama zina zamakono, dziko lathuli anayamba kugonjetsa latsopano wanzeru ndi wokongola nyama - nyama placental, marsupials ndi mbalame.

subclass anapsid

Pamaso dziko lapansili anayamba kukhazikika osiyanasiyana zinyamazi, anapitirira zaka zambiri, umalimbana mapangidwe otchedwa mibadwo mtengo abuluzi zoopsa. Akale kwambiri ndi gulu ambiri wosazindikira imatengedwa ndi subclass anapsid. Monga dziwani kuti si nthumwi umodzi wa gulu sanakhale moyo mu maonekedwe ena ndi ena masiku ano. anapsid Recent anakhala zinatha pafupifupi mamiliyoni 200. Zaka zapitazo. Izo zinachitika mu Triassic.

subclass Synapsid

Kuyambira muzu anapsid anapambulwa nthambi yachiwiri ya m'tsogolo zinachokera zinyamazi - Synapsid. Kwa gulu ili a makolo akale nyama. Koma iwo zoyembekezeka kumira mu chisokonezeko. Choncho, mwatsoka, popanda kuona ulemelero wa ana awo - nyama ano, amene ali a kwa ife - pa anthu. Izo zinachitika mu nthawi Jurassic.

subclass Diapsid

Patapita Synapsid patsinde thunthu wakale alibe nthambi yatsopano - Diapsid. mabodza ake apadera chakuti ndi subclass wa Diapsid ogaŵikana nthambi awiri - mu archosaurs ndi lepidosauria. Lepidosauria - gulu la nyama zimene zimakhala pa Dziko Lapansi ndipo m'masiku athu: tuatara (abuluzi wakale), njoka, ndi akamba. Koma si onse lepidosauria ndi moyo mpaka nthawi yathu, pakati pawo pali odziwika bwino mitundu zinatha monga plesiosaurs - ogwirira m'madzi ndi makosi yaitali. Malinga ndi nthano, ndi Scottish Loch mwe akukhalabe yekhayekha plesiosaur dzina lake Nessie, koma kuti ndi nkhani ina.

Nthambi archosaurs anali ng'ona ndi zokwawa ena akale, kuphatikizapo mitundu yonse ya zouluka zinyamazi, abuluzi ndi nthaka. Archosaurs - ndicho zinyamazi chofunika kwambiri nthawi zonse nthawi, ena mwa zolengedwa ambiri osiyanasiyana ndi chodabwitsa zapoizoni, ndi zokwawa zapamwamba kwambiri za nthawi. Mwamwayi, zinyamazi onse anamwalira sanakhalanso ndi moyo kufikira tsiku Koma panopa panopa padziko lapansi moyo mitundu yambiri ya ng'ona wakale anasunga kuyambira nthawi zambiri! Kodi izi zinyamazi lodziwika bwino? Tikupereka inu mitundu chidwi kwambiri pa zinyamazi ndi kufotokozera awo.

Diplodocus mtendere

Ichi ndi nthumwi za gulu otchedwa zoti zinyamazi zinkadya. Malinga akuti zokwiriridwa, zinyamazi awa akhoza kufika kutalika mamita mpaka 58 ndipo zimalemera matani 113. Kunadetsa, asayansi amasiku okonda amakhulupirira kuti Diplodocus musalumphe kutalika mamita 27 ndi kulemera matani 20. Mafupawa woyamba wa buluzi mtendere anapezeka ndi zokwiriridwa mu 1877 ku mapiri a Colorado, USA.

Zinyamazi wa gulu ankakhala malemu nyengo Jurassic lomwe tsopano North America okwana pafupifupi 150. Zaka zapitazo. Zokwiriridwa mukukhulupirira Diplodocus mwa zinyamazi kwambiri mosavuta iwowo. Komanso, mitundu ndi lalikulu kwambiri zinyamazi zonse zodziwika anapeza wathunthu ndi mafupa. Diplodocus anali herbivores, ndi kukula yaikulu ndi cholepheretsa zinyamazi zolusa nthawi - Ceratosaurus ndi Allosaurus.

Allosaurus - Diplodocus ndi yamabingu!

M'nkhaniyi, ife sadzatha kuganizira mitundu yonse ya zinyamazi ndi maina basi kutembenukira kwa oimira olemekezeka ndi odziwika wa zimphona izi lodziwika bwino. Mmodzi wa iwo - ndi Allosaurus. Izi membala wa mtundu wa zinyamazi zimadya ku gulu la theropods. Ngati Diplodocus, Allosaurus analipo mu nthawi Jurassic za 155 miliyoni. Zaka zapitazo.

Zilombozi zinali kusunthira pa miyendo yawo yakumbuyo ndipo anali forelimbs ochepa. Pafupifupi abuluzi nyuzi zimenezi mamita 9 m'litali ndi mamita 4 kutalika. Allosaurus imatengedwa yaikulu awiri miyendo ogwirira a nthawi. Zotsalira za zolengedwa izi sioneka apezeka chiyani tsopano kum'mwera kwa Ulaya, Africa East ndi North America.

Ichthyosaurs - ndi lodziwika bwino nsomba buluzi

Inasoŵeratu detachment zapoizoni lalikulu m'madzi, kufika kutalika mamita 20. Kunja, zinyamazi awa anali ngati nsomba amakono ndi anamgumiwa. Chinthu chapadera ndi maso awo lalikulu, kutetezedwa ndi mphete Bony. Ambiri, ndi ichthyosaurs pang'ono N'kutheka kuti ankalakwitsa nsomba kapena anamgumiwa.

The angelo amenewa adakali mu funso. Ena zokwiriridwa amakhulupirira kuti - anachokera Diapsid. Baibulo Izi zikutsimikiziridwa ndi kungoganizira: mwina kuthawa mwanjira ichthyosaurs nthambi ku waukulu tsinde Diapsid ngakhale pamaso subclass izi ogaŵikana archosaurs ndi lepidosauria. Komabe, makolo a awa nsomba buluzi akadali silidziŵika. Ichthyosaurs anakhala zinatha pafupifupi mamiliyoni 90. Zaka zapitazo.

Zinyamazi aukitsidwa kumwamba

Kumapeto kwa Triassic dziko anayamba zouluka mitundu dinosaur amene anali zakufa zakale zikusonyeza mosayembekezeka. Modabwitsa, iwo anali kale athanzi. Direct monga makolo awo kumene kusanduka nthawi zonse, osadziwika.

Onaninso Triassic pterosaurs onse gulu rhamphorhynchus: zolengedwa zinali zazikulu mutu, zibwano imodzi yaitali, mapiko yopapatiza, wautali kwambiri ndi woonda mchira. Kukula kwa izi "malaya a mbalame" mosiyanasiyana. Pterosaurs - monga iwo anali kutchedwa - anali makamaka kukula monga gulls ndi hawks. Kumene, panali 5-mita zimphona. Pterosaurs anakhala zinatha pafupifupi mamiliyoni 65 zapitazo.

Tyrannosaurs - wotchuka dinosaur mitundu

Mndandanda wa zinyamazi wakale akanakhala woperewera ngati ife sananene za dinosaur zazikulu za nthawi zonse ndi Nthawi - Tyrannosaurus Rex. Ndi sioneka ndi cholengedwa oopsa mogwirizana ndi dzina lake. chilengedwe ichi ndi mtundu wa zinyamazi zimadya ku coelurosaurs gulu ndi suborder theropod. Pamafunikanso mitundu imodzi yokha - Tyrannosaurus Rex (ndi "Rex" chinenero Latin - ndi mfumu). Tirannozavr monga allosaurus anali bipedal ogwirira ndi zigaza chachikulu ndi mano lakuthwa. Tyrannosaurus Rex miyendo ndi yothandizira thupi kutsutsana: chachikulu miyendo yakumbuyo ndi ting'onoting'ono yokhota ngati yoteroyo kutsogolo.

Tyrannosaurus ndi zamtundu waukulu mkati banja lawo, komanso mmodzi wa waukulu zinyamazi lapadziko zimadya m'mbiri ya dziko lathu. Zotsalira za nyama zimenezi apezeka kumadzulo kwa masiku ano North America. Malinga ndi asayansi, iwo anakhala 65 miliyoni. Zaka zapitazo, T. E. Ndi pa msinkhu wawo anabwera imfa ya mafumu lonse wa zinyamazi wakale. Iwo tyrannosaurs korona lonse nyengo lalikulu la zinyamazi, imene inatha pa nthawi Cretaceous.

nthenga cholowa

Chifukwa anthu ambiri, palibe chinsinsi chimene mbalame - iwo ali mbadwa mwachindunji zinyamazi. Zokwiriridwa aona mu kunja ndi mkati kapangidwe ka mbalame ndi zinyamazi ndi ofanana m'njira zambiri. Kumbukirani kuti mbalame - ndi mbadwa za zinyamazi lapadziko - zinyamazi, osati zouluka zokwawa - pterosaurs! Panopa subclasses awiri zapoizoni wakale "popachika mu mpweya", monga makolo awo, ndi magwero enieni osati anakhazikitsa zokwiriridwa. Choyamba Division - ndi ichthyosaurs, ndipo chachiwiri - kamba. Ngati ichthyosaurs takambirana pamwambapa, akamba palibe bwino!

Akamba - ndi amphibian?

Ndipo chifukwa n'zoonekeratu kuti, kupendanso nkhani monga "zinyamazi", osanenapo za nyama. Origin kamba subclass akadali sikukudziŵika. Komabe, ena maphunziro akukhulupirirabe kuti iwo anachokera anapsid. Komabe, iwo Anapikisana ndi akatswiri ena, amene amakhulupirira kuti kamba - ndi mbadwa za ena achule wakale. Ndipo sadalira zokwawa ena. Ngati mfundo imeneyi zikutsimikiziridwa, ndiye sayansi ya zinyama pantchito yojambula zidzachitika: izo zikhoza kuchitika kuti akamba zambiri mulibe ubale pang'ono nyama zokwawa, chifukwa Pamenepo iwo adzasala ... achule!