Nyama inakhala: zizindikiro, makamaka zizindikiro

lathuli ndi anthu osiyanasiyana mbalame, nyama, nsomba, achule, njoka, ng'ona, amene pamodzi kupanga gulu limodzi - inakhala.

N'chifukwa chiyani nyama - inakhala?

anthu onse okhala ndi fupa vertebral kapena chichereŵechereŵe mafupa mkati thupi. Chifukwa nyama ndi amatchedwa inakhala, kuti maziko a mafupa lonse si wina ndime vertebral, wopangidwa mwa mafupa ndi zigaza. Ndipo yekha m'njira m'munsi pali mtundu wa wandiweyani pakati otchedwa poyambira.

Features wa inakhala amakhala ngati ali mbali zotsatirazi. Mkati ndime msana ndi msana, iye pamodzi ndi ubongo ili mu chigaza cha chapakati mantha dongosolo. Izi ndi zina mwa peresenti a.

Pali zizindikiro khalidwe la inakhala. Izi mitundu iwiri iwiri ya miyendo, zipsepse tines mapiko (malekezero), umene nthawi zina underdeveloped. Ndi zizindikiro imakonzedwa mu magulu nyama zonse?

Inakhala ndi kugawikana awo mu makalasi

chosiyana kwambiri dongosolo, ndi mu maonekedwe, inakhala anawagawa asanu makalasi: nsomba, achule, zokwawa, mbalame ndi nyama.

Makalasi a inakhala ndi sanalemberetu mwangozi. Kumene, nyama zonse yosiyanasiyana, koma iwo alinso ndi mbali zofanana. Pamene kupuma zonse kuyamwa mpweya ndi wotuluka tikamapuma mpweya.

Komanso, iwo onse kudya, kupeza zakudya kukula, ngati zamoyo zonse, ndi kukhala. Iwo anatani zikuchitika chilengedwe. Mbali wotero ambiri a nyama kugwirizana ndi kukhalapo ya ubongo ndi ziwalo chipangizo monga maso ndi makutu.

Komanso, muchuluke, Choncho angathe kubereka okha. oimira ambiri mwamtheradi makalasi onse ndi zofunika pa miyoyo ya anthu.

Tikumbukenso kuti inakhala monga mwachizolowezi ziweto kwa ife. ng'ombe ichi, nkhosa, mahatchi, nkhuku, agalu, nkhumba, amphaka, etc. Inde, ndi nsomba nyama zakutchire - alinso peresenti: .... Akalulu, nkhandwe, nsomba, abakha, etc. M'gululi muli tizirombo: hamsters, agologolo , voles.

Tikuona inakhala mmene osiyana.

nsomba

Otizungulira mitsinje, m'mayiwewa, nyanja ndi nyanja ndi anthu ndi nsomba. Ali mbali zawo structural ndi kusinthasintha moyo mapangidwe m'madzi.

Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti nsomba - imeneyi inakhala m'madzi. Ambiri a iwo yokutidwa ndi mamba. Iwo alibe nthawi zonse thupi kutentha, pamene iwo nthawizonse okha kupuma makutu, omwe achotsedwa ku madzi, kusungunuka mpweya ndi kubala, motero, mpweya. Mtima ali bicameral, koma angotsala ndi makope wina.

Ndi kayendedwe ka matupi nsomba n'kofunika kunyamula zipsepse. Mu inakhala ena, chiyenera kukhala nthambi. Komanso, palinso ndi zipsepse unpaired, zomwe zili pamodzi thupi. anayamba kwambiri mchira awo. N'zochititsa chidwi, nsomba amakhala limba, monga mzere mbali. Pali ambiri a gulu la inakhala kusambira chikhodzodzo.

Nsomba anthu ndi zofunika kwambiri chuma. Kuwonjezera chakudya kwambiri, kwa nsomba mafuta analandira amene yotengedwa chiwindi a m'nyanja zikuluzikulu. Wokondedwa ndi lofunika caviar amachokera Nsombazi. Ambiri mankhwala ofunika kwambiri munthu achoka pa nsomba, koma chifukwa muyenera kusamalira za chitetezo cha nsomba ndi kuonjezera iwo.

Mu dziko msonkhano ntchito yaikulu ulimi wa nsomba.

Nsomba zimaswana okwanira mazira, koma mwachangu ku malo ake zachilengedwe likukhalira pang'ono kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, gawo limodzi lokha la chum nsomba mwachangu ukatuluka mwa caviar onse. Choncho anthu anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mokwanira mu m'galasi chonde kwa mazira, amene amapereka zambiri ana. The mwachangu amakonzedwa kuyang'aniridwa ndi mu m'galasi, kenako ana opangidwa mu malo achilengedwe. Kumene, wotchuka kwambiri ali kuswana Nsombazi ndi nsomba.

zokwawa

Kodi zokwawa nyama? Lembani lalikulu ndi osiyanasiyana. Dzina lake kalasi zimenezi zinali choncho chifukwa chakuti nthumwi zake, ikuyenda pansi, kukokera thupi lake, ngati zokwawa a. Apa choncho dzina.

Kodi anthu ali m'gulu la nyama zokwawa? mndandanda uli yosiyanasiyana:

1. Abuluzi.
2. Njoka.
3. Ng'ona.
4. Akamba.
5. Zinyamazi.

Nthawi zambiri tingathe mu chikhalidwe buluzi. Kuti monga zokwawa ndi njoka, ngakhale kwambiri amasiyana abuluzi Komabe, ndi chimodzimodzi dongosolo mkati.

Ambiri a m'gulu limeneli ndi zothandiza kwa anthu. Buluzi Mwachitsanzo, kuwononga tizilombo zoipa, njoka - makoswe amene amayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa mbewu.

Komabe, pali mitundu ina kuti amapatsa zoipa. Makamaka oopsa kwa anthu zapoizoni.

kalasi kumaphatikizapo zokwawa inakhala mwankhanzaku. matupi awo okutidwa ndi mbale. Iwo kupuma mumlengalenga mpweya ntchito mapapo. zokwawa ambiri moyo m'dziko. Koma ngakhale anthu amene anasintha kukhala madzi (ng'ona, akamba), kuchulukana mu njira mofanana ndi ena m'kalasimo, kugona mu mchenga mazira dziko. Ndipo amanena kuti makolo awo anali akadali kumtunda nyama.

Zikamera wa zokwawa chifukwa kusintha nyengo amene anachitika pa mapeto a nyengo yakale. Iye anakhala zambiri youma, ndipo izi zinachititsa kuti imfa ya madzi ambiri kusanduka chipululu. Zonsezi zapangitsa chakuti, pambuyo kudutsa ena magawo chitukuko, ndi zokwawa choyamba.

Ambiri, zokwawa - izi kalasi yoyamba ya achule lapansi. Iwo ali amakhala otanganidwa, amene anayamba yakulamulira nuwaphimba achule.

Makamaka mofulumira siteji chitukuko anali zokwawa mu m'badwo pakati. Inali nthawi kuti zinyamazi (zokwawa) anali miyeso chidwi. Iwo ankakhala pa mtunda ndi mpweya ndi madzi. zotsalira malasha a iwo ali chidwi kwambiri, chifukwa kwa iwo m'tsogolo mbalame iliyonse ndi nyama.

amphibia

Achule ndi ndinazolowera moyo pa dziko, anapeza zingapo zochititsa kuti kusiyanitsa iwo nsombazo. Poganizira kapangidwe ka gulu ili la inakhala ndi moyo wawo, m'pofunika kuganizira achule ndi achule. Iwo ali othandiza kwambiri kwa anthu chifukwa kudya tizilombo zambiri zoipa, ndipo zimenezi polimbana ndi tizirombo. Iwo ndi ogwirizana ndi achule gulu tailless. Dzina limeneli adalandira chifukwa cha kusowa kwa mchira. Mu mitsinje yathu ndiponso nyanja angapezeke ndi achule zina za gulu caudate. Sizachilendo zimachitikira.

Mu kalasi ya achule anali achule, achule, newts ndi nyama zina - inakhala amene kale moyo pa dziko, osati nsomba - mu madzi, koma malo awo akadali kwambiri kumayambitsa madzi, chifukwa kubalana ndi chitukuko chikuchitika mu izo.

achule thupi ataphimbidwa ndi khungu, koma slimy kwambiri. Miyendo ndi zala zisanu. Akuluakulu kupuma kupyolera khungu lawo ndi mapapo, koma mphutsi ndi gill kupuma. mazira alibe chitetezo chilichonse, choncho anasankha malo m'madzi chitukuko awo. mbewu ina amapeza ndi makutu, chifukwa tadpoles pang'ono moyo ndi kudyetsa mu madzi. Kenako citukuko pali kuwala ndi miyendo, kupereka wamkulu anthu mwayi kusuntha dziko. Achule sindikudziwa momwe kutafuna, iwo akudya chakudya lonse.

kalasi imeneyi imagwira ntchito gulu lina - legless achule (caecilians).

nyama

Inakhala nyama amakhala ndi mbali zofunika kwambiri. nyama Young cha gulu ili imayambira ndi mkaka. Choncho dzina la kalasi.

Nyama, pali chiwerengero chachikulu cha mitundu. Ena mwa iwo ndi nyama losavuta ndi zosowa: ng'ombe, galu, nkhandwe, nkhandwe, nyalugwe, giraffe, mkango. The ndondomeko ya kusanduka zasintha nyama kwambiri. Ndipo lero ndi yofala kwambiri nyama zonse. Ndipo onse chifukwa chakuti m'gulu limeneli amatha amazolowera zosiyanasiyana mmene chilengedwe. magulu peresenti ya kalasi tikukhala lonse lapansi.

Tikumbukenso kuti nyama mu dongosolo lawo - nyama koposa otukuka. Chitsanzo mbali zimasiyanitsa nyama ndi khungu, magazi ofunda, zinayi chambered mtima, ndi kumene, dongosolo lapadera ubongo.

Makolo a nyama imatengedwa zokwawa wakale. Nyama zina zamakono tsopano pali kufanana chidwi kwa masika. Mbali yaikulu ya nyama ndi zokwawa ndi kapangidwe achilendo kwa mafupa a.

Tikumbukenso kuti nyama ndi ubongo kwambiri olemera. Ndipo ena anapatsidwa luso lodabwitsa, monga anamgumiwa ndi anyani. mamembala onse a kalasi kulimbikitsa miyendo kuti ndi zala.

Nagawira mu magulu a nyama

Ambiri, gulu zikuphatikizapo za 4200 mitundu. Iwo onse ali osiyana kwambiri m'maonekedwe ndi khalidwe. Ena nyama ndi ochepa, tinganene, ngakhale kakang'ono, pamene ena - chabe chiphona. Koma moyo ndi kugwa bwino, ena Komabe, pafupi kutha, koma vuto la zochita za anthu.

Ambiri, nyama zonse, malinga ndi mmene iwo kubereka ana awo, anawagawa m'magulu atatu: placental, marsupials ndi cloacal. Tikumbukenso kuti munthu amanena makamaka pa gulu placental. Nyama kwambiri zachilendo - ndi cloacal. Iwo chiikire mazira kwa kubereka, ndiyeno iwo zimaswa.

Koma marsupials kubereka mwana wamng'ono, ndi kutsiriza njira ya chitukuko m'chikwama chake. Koma ngati nyama placental, iwo ali athanzi. gulu ili kwambiri kwambiri zinkaimira.

mbalame

M'nkhalango, ndi meadows, m'madera ambiri matauni, pa minda nkhuku, ziribe kanthu kumene tinali nthawi iliyonse chaka, tonse anakumana ndi mbalame. Ali ndi kufunika kwambiri chuma kwa ife. Kodi chakudya chochuluka tinapatsidwa nkhuku okha! N'zovuta kulingalira moyo wathu popanda iwo. Ndipo ngati mbalame ndi chidwi chotere ndi anthu, uwapangitsa kucita phunzirolo.

The kalasi lonse za mbalame akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awa: nthiwatiwa, mbalame lililonse, anyani.

Nthiwatiwa makamaka moyo mu South America, Australia ndi Africa. gulu la mbalame kuuluka, mapiko awo sali oyenera chaichi, koma bwino kuthamanga ndipo amatha kuthamanga mpaka makilomita makumi asanu ndi awiri pa ora.

Pakuti anyani monga seventini mitundu. Mbalame za mitundu iyi m'malo achilendo. Iwo siyanitsa ndi mamembala ena a gulu ili. Thupi lonse ali ndi iwo nthenga ouma. The forelimbs si mapiko, osati zipsepse. A m'munsi (kumbuyo) miyendo ndi Ngati a Bakha. Sunthani anyani ku malekezero m'munsi, kuthandiza mchira yokha.

Kudya mbalame zimenezo mu nyanja, chifukwa iwo ali kwambiri kusambira. Kumeneko zingabweretse awo yaing'ono nsomba, nkhanu. Iwo amasunthira ku nyanja mothandizidwa ndi zipsepse mapiko, ndi miyendo ndi kum'patula chipangizo.

Ngakhale anyani, ndi mbalame, koma nthawi zambiri akupereka madzi. N'chifukwa chake kupereka kupenta makamaka, monga nyama zam'madzi. Mu madzi anyani angafikire liwiro la makilomita oposa makumi atatu pa ora.

Nthumwi zofunika kwambiri pa gulu limeneli ndi mfumu penguin. kutalika kwake ukufika masentimita zana ndi makumi awiri, ndi kulemera abwera makilogalamu makumi asanu. Mfumu anyani kawetedwe mazira. Pa nthawi yomweyo, monga ulamuliro, iwo amaoneka okha mwana wankhuku imodzi.

mbalame lililonse

The m'kalasi yachitatu ya gulu mwadongosolo mbalame - mmene mbalame. Ndiye pali kwenikweni zouluka mitundu. Iwo mwangwiro ndinazolowera ndege. mbalame zimenezo wamba lonse. Pa nthawi yomweyo iwo ulendo wawo. Ndipo chimachitika ndi isanayambike nyengo yozizira, pamene mbalame akufunafuna malo yabwino yozizira, ndi kufika kwa masika ndibwerere. Mamembala ena a gulu ili ndi la chisanu ndi chiyani kuuluka, koma iwo si nthawi zonse kutsindikiza apulumuke ozizira, ngakhale ali ndi wandiweyani zikuuluka.

Invertebrates dziko

Monga tidanena pamwamba, pali nyama inakhala ndi invertebrates kumeneko.

Choncho, invertebrates yodziwika ndi dongosolo chosavuta. Zikuphatikizapo nkhono, nkhanu, tizilombo, akangaude. Pa nthawi imeneyi, amadziwika kuti anthu oposa miliyoni mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya invertebrates.

Tikumbukenso kuti ambiri a invertebrates ndi lofunikira majeremusi kapena inakhala kapena zomera. nyama oterowo mosakondera wogawana padziko lonse lapansi.

Nyama zimenezi ndi zofunika kwambiri kwa biosphere lapansi. Anaumitsa zotsalira za invertebrates wakale kuti ankakhala m'nthawi ya mbiri isanayambe, anali mu dongosolo losiyana miyala. chapadera kwambiri ali anthu. Ambiri a anthu awa mukudya, kuwonjezera, iwo ntchito ngati chakudya kwa ziweto mafakitale. Ndipo anthu ena akhala kukhala invertebrates ntchito mu ulamuliro tizilombo.

Ambiri, inakhala ndi invertebrates ntchito zake mu biosphere lapansi. Onsewo ali ofunika kwa anthu.

Poyerekeza makhalidwe a inakhala ndi invertebrates

Ponena za peresenti ndi nyama nyama zonse zopanda mafupa, tisaiwale kuti ali zingapo zochititsa chosiyana.

Choncho, inakhala, monga ife tinanena, ndi fupa ndipo zimenezi zimachititsa mkati kapena ndodo cartilaginous, amene silinkachitidwa invertebrates. Komanso, chingwe msana zikufotokozedwa mu mawonekedwe a chubu, ndi ubongo ali m'madipatimenti asanu. Mu ndondomeko ya kupuma kumafuna peresenti makutu, mapapo, khungu. Pali awiri chipinda, atatu chipinda kapena zinayi chambered mtima ndi mitsempha ya magazi ndi dongosolo chatsekedwa. ziwalo lingaliro ili m'mutu. Mphamvu ndi chifukwa ntchito m'kamwa mwa.

Koma invertebrates, iwo mwachibadwa ndi dongosolo kwambiri chosavuta. Internal mafupa ali ndi mantha dongosolo ali ndi mtundu knotty a mitsempha ya magazi si kutsekedwa. Mtima invertebrates akhoza kukhala mwina umodzi chipinda kapena Mipikisano chipinda. ziwalo mphamvu akupezeka thupi lonse.

m'malo epilogue ndi

mbali zonse za dongosolo peresenti ya athe kukhala ndi moyo wokangalika. Ie inakhala mwina muziyendayenda, ndipo n'kofunika kwambiri kufunafuna chakudya. Zimenezi, injini iwo kutsogolo ndondomeko kusanduka. A mlingo wapamwamba moyo, luso kuteteza adani anaonetsetsa kuti zinyama lonse resettlement.

Asukulu kumvetsa kapangidwe ndi mokoma moyo peresenti kuthandiza nkhani zotere zamoyo. nyama peresenti ali anaphunzira ku kalasi ya chitatu. Izi lathu kumathandiza kumvetsa malamulo a mchitidwe wa chisinthiko, kusonyeza chitsanzo cha momwe zinthu zamoyo akhala kusanduka kuchokera losavuta kwa zamoyo mwadongosolo.

Kukhala kwambiri kusintha ndi kusinthika, inakhala afika mlingo wa chitukuko zimawathandiza kukhala ndi moyo mwachilungamo yogwira, chakudya chawo, kuteteza adani, ana wakula.