Haidrojeni okusayidi: kukonzekera ndi katundu

Thunthu zofunika kwambiri ndi wamba padziko lathuli, kumene, madzi. Kodi nacho wofunika? Amadziwika kuti moyo padziko lapansi anapanga zotheka mkubwela kwa madzi. Monga madzi ndi (okusayidi wa hydrogen), ku mfundo mankhwala bwanji? Kodi umu ndi zimene katundu? Yesetsani kumvetsa nkhani imeneyi.

Hydrogen ndi mankhwala ake

Atomu chophweka lonse la dongosolo zodziwitsa - haidrojeni. Iye ali ndi udindo wopangidwa m'manja mwa subgroup wa halogens, komanso gulu loyamba ndi la zitsulo soda. Kodi akufotokoza ziwalo? chigoba chake dongosolo pakompyuta atomu. Iye ali yekha elekitironi, amene akhoza kukhala wophweka tchuthi, ndipo angagwirizanitse yekha wina, kupanga awiri, ndipo kumaliza wosanjikiza akunja.

N'chifukwa chake chachikulu ndi kokha mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni mbali 1 ndi -1. Mosavuta amachitira ndi zitsulo kupanga hydrides - involatile olimba pawiri mchere ngati wa mtundu woyera.

Komabe komanso mosavuta amapanga mamolekyulu hydrogen ndi kosakhazikika zimavuta ndi nonmetals. Mwachitsanzo:

• haidrojeni sulfide H ₂ S;
• dziko CH _4;
• silane SiH ₄ ndi ena.

Nthawi zambiri, mankhwala a hydrogen amapanga zokwanira. Komabe, chinthu chofunika kwambiri, chimene chiri m'gulu, ndi okusayidi wa hydrogen amene ndiyo njira H ₂ O. Ichi ndi pawiri kudziwika amene amazindikira chilinganizo ngakhale pulayimale kusukulu wophunzira, koma si bwino zimapangidwira lapansi. Pambuyo madzi (ichi ndi okusayidi apamwamba a haidrojini) - osati zinthu wamba, komanso kasupe wa moyo padziko lathuli.

Dzina la mchitidwe umalimbikitsa zomwenso zikuluzikulu - hayidirojeni, mwachitsanzo "kubereka madzi." Ngati okusayidi ina, kukangalika ndi pawiri bayinare ndi chiwerengero cha thupi katundu ndi mankhwala. Komanso pali makhalidwe wapadera umene kusiyanitsa madzi mankhwala ena onse.

kalasi ina yofunika ya mankhwala zomwe ndi wa hydrogen ndi zidulo, onse organic ndi mchere.

Chemical katundu wa hayidirojeni

Ku maganizo a reactivity, wa hydrogen - mokwanira amphamvu kuchepetsa wothandizila. Mu zochita zambiri izo zikusonyeza katundu zoterezi. Komabe, mogwirizana ndi zitsulo wina wamphamvu, kumakhaladi oxidant.

zofunika kwambiri mafakitale ndi zimene a hydrogen ndi oxides zitsulo. Ndi njira imodzi chotenga atsopano mu mawonekedwe woyera. Vodorodotermiya - njira zitsulo kwa kaphatikizidwe wa oxides koyera zitsulo ndi kuchepetsa ndi wa hydrogen.

Anachita ndi okusayidi wa hydrogen ali zotsatirazi mawonekedwe onse: Ine _× O _Y + H ₂ = H ₂ O + Ine.

Ndithudi, izi si njira yokhayo kwa kaphatikizidwe wa zitsulo koyera. Pali ena. Komabe, kuchepetsa wa hydrogen wa oxides - mokwanira ankafalitsa mwakhama yabwino ndi yosavuta kupanga ndondomeko yomwe wapeza ntchito lonse.

Komanso chidwi ndi zakuti kuti pamene wothira mpweya, mpweya wa hydrogen akhoza kupanga osakaniza ndi zachiwawa kwambiri. Dzinali ndi detonating mpweya. Chifukwa chaichi, kusanganikirana zizichitidwa pa mlingo wa mabuku awiri a haidrojini ndi mpweya umodzi.

Madzi - okusayidi wa hydrogen

Popeza kuti okusayidi Nkofunika, takambirana kale kangapo. Tsopano, tiyeni zimaonetsa mu mawu zimapangidwira. Kodi pawiri izi ndi za gulu ili la zinthu zochita kupanga?

Kuti tichite zimenezi, yesani kulemba osiyana pang'ono chilinganizo: H ₂ O = HOH. Mfundo yofunika ndi chimodzimodzi chiwerengero cha maatomu woyambawo, komabe tsopano timvetsa bwino kuti timakumana hydroxide a. Kodi katundu ayenera izo? Taganizirani dissociation wa mankhwala:

HOH = H ⁺ + HA ^-.

Choncho, katundu wa acidic, chifukwa haidrojeni pano mu njira ya cations. Kuwonjezera waukulu akhoza osati anapanga pambuyo zitsulo soda.

Choncho, dzina lina kuti ali okusayidi wa hydrogen - oxyacid zikuchokera lophweka. Kamodzi osiyanasiyana yokhotakhota khalidwe la molekyulu kuperekedwa, chotero, katundu chake chidzakhala chapadera. Ndipo katundu amaipidwa kwa kapangidwe ka molekyulu, kotero izo ndi kutanthauzira.

Kapangidwe ka molekyulu madzi

Kwa nthawi yoyamba pa chitsanzo ankaganiza Niels Bohr, ndipo wa Championship ndi analembedwa m'magazini ino. Iwo anapereka zotsatirazi mbali.

1. The madzi molekyulu - ndi dipole, kuyambira zinthu mwa dongosolo ake kwambiri amasiyana momveka electronegativity.
2. mawonekedwe ake ndi triangular, m'munsi - haidrojeni, ndi pamwamba - mpweya.
3. Chifukwa nyumba imeneyi, thunthu angathe kupanga kumangidwa wa hydrogen monga pakati mamolekyulu chomwecho, ndi mankhwala ena ndi zikuchokera kwambiri electronegative amafotokozera.

View monga ankaona wa hydrogen zikuwoneka schematically okusayidi, akhoza m'munsimu muli chithunzi.

thupi katundu wa okusayidi wa hydrogen

zina zofunika khalidwe tinganene.

1. Fomu: gaseous - nthunzi, madzi, olimba - chisanu, ayezi.
2. Otentha mfundo - 100 ⁰ C (99.974).
3. Limatsogolera mfundo - 0 ⁰ C.
4. Madzi obwerera pamene usavutike mu kutentha osiyanasiyana 0-4 ⁰ C. ikufotokoza mapangidwe ayezi padziko, amene ali osalimba m'munsi ndi kuteteza moyo pansi wosanjikiza okusayidi wa hydrogen.
5. Mtengo wapatali wa mphamvu kutentha Komabe, otsika kwambiri matenthedwe madutsidwe.
6. M'chigawo madzi okusayidi wa hydrogen zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho kukhuthala.
7. A chuma makamaka angatchedwe mavuto padziko ndi mapangidwe lingathe zoipa magetsi padziko.

Monga ife tatchulazi, makamaka katundu zimadalira kukonza. Kotero izo ziri pano. Luso kupanga kumangidwa wa hydrogen zinachititsa kuti zinthu zofanana pawiri lapansi.

okusayidi wa hydrogen: Mankhwala Katundu

Kwa zasayansi, ntchito madzi ndi mkulu mokwanira. Makamaka pankhani zosiyanasiyana limodzi ndi magetsi. Kodi amatha yatikhudza okusayidi wa hydrogen?

1. Ndi zitsulo ali mu voltages mzere kuti haidrojeni. Choncho yogwira kwambiri (kwa Al) sayenera zinthu mwapadera, ndipo ndi wotsika kuchepetsa mphamvu kuchita ndi nthunzi yekha. Iwo amene ali, pambuyo wa hydrogen, sangathe kuchita Mwanjira imeneyi.
2. Omwe si zitsulo. Si onse koma ambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mu chikhalidwe cha fluorine madzi amayaka violet lawi. Komanso, zimene zingakhale chlorine, mpweya, pakachitsulo ndipo maatomu ena.
3. Ndi oxides zitsulo (moyo) ndi asidi (nonmetals). Kodi anapanga, motero, alkalis ndi zidulo. Pakati pa zitsulo maganizo oyenerera oimira magulu oyamba awiri waukulu subgroups, kupatula beryllium ndi magnesium. Non-zitsulo kuti apange oxides acidic anatani ndi madzi onse. Zosiyana ndi mtsinje mchenga - SiO _2.

zochita aone kuti pali okusayidi wa hydrogen chitsanzo, motere: CHONCHO ₃ + H ₂ O = H _{2 4.}

Kufalitsa m'chilengedwe

Ife kale anapeza kuti thunthu - ambiri mu dziko. Potanthauza kuchuluka zili zinthu.

1. 70% ya kulemera kwa thupi la munthu ndi nyama. Ena zomera okusayidi wapangidwa ndi wa hydrogen 98% (modabwitsa).
2. 71% ya Earth ataphimbidwa ndi madzi.
3. Zolemba malire kulemera kwa madzi a m'nyanja.
4. 2% ali oundana.
5. 0,63% ali anaikira mu nthaka.
6. 0,001% kuchokera mlengalenga (chifunga).
7. chomera thupi tichipeza 50% madzi, mitundu ina kwambiri.
8. Ambiri mankhwala opezeka mu mawonekedwe crystalline munali madzi adzamangidwa.

Pitirizani mndandandawo yaitali, chifukwa zovuta kukumbukira chirichonse, gawo omwe sakhala ndi madzi kapena pamene chinachake sikuphatikizidwa. Kapena kupangidwa popanda nkhani ya okusayidi lapansi.

Njira lokonzekera

mtengo Kukonzekera mafakitale ali okusayidi wa hydrogen palibe. Ndipotu, yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito okonzeka zopangidwa magwero - mitsinje, nyanja ndi matupi zina za madzi kuposa kuwononga ndalama yaikulu mphamvu ndi mankhwala. Choncho, zasayansi ndi zogwirizana okha kupeza otchezedwa, madzi kopitilira muyeso-woyera.

Pakuti zolinga zimenezi, ntchito apparatuses tsatanetsatane monga zotchezera. madzi amenewa ali wofunikila zochita zambiri mankhwala, kuyambira yosakongola lili yambiri zosafunika, salt, ayoni.

Udindo kwachilengedwenso

Kunena kuti madzi ntchito kulikonse, osati kuti anene chirichonse. Ndi zodabwitsa kuti moyo popanda kugwirizana. Kuyambira m'mawa mpaka usiku anthu mowirikiza ntchito zonse mu zolinga za m'banja komanso mafakitale.

Katundu wa okusayidi wa hydrogen idzagwiritsa ntchito ngati zosungunulira chilengedwe. Ndipo osati zasayansi. Komanso zamoyo, kumene iliyonse chachiwiri malo zikwi zochita amuzolengedwa.

Komanso, madzi ndi lokha nawo mu syntheses zambiri, muja chochokera chifukwa iwo. Munthu aliyense mu dziko kwa zaka 60, umadutsa yokha 50 matani nkhaniyi chodabwitsa!

Okusayidi wa hydrogen ntchito:

• m'mafakitale onse;
• mankhwala;
• mankhwala kaphatikizidwe;
• mu mitundu yonse ya mafakitale;
• banja zofunika;
• ulimi.

N'zovuta kudziwa malo a moyo imene munthu akhoza kukhala popanda madzi. wamoyo anthu ndi okusayidi palibe wa hydrogen mu kapangidwe kake ndi moyo popanda izo, ndi mavairasi. N'chifukwa chake munthu ovuta ndi zamoyo izi.