Mpweya allotropic kusinthidwa: poyerekeza mtengo khalidwe ndi

Ma atomu a mtundu umodzi kukhala mbali imodzi ya zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Pakuti zinthu amaimira chizindikiro «O» (balati Mayina Oxygenium.), Awiri imadziwika m'chilengedwe yosavuta mankhwala. Chilinganizo mmodzi wa iwo - O _2, wachiwiri - O _3. Ichi allotropic zosintha mpweya (allotropes). Pali mankhwala ena khola zochepa (O O ₄ ndi _8). Kuti timvetse kusiyana pakati pa mitundu imeneyi chifuniro mamolekyulu poyerekeza ndi katundu zinthu.

ndi allotropic zosintha chiyani?

Ambiri mankhwala zinthu pakhale mitundu iwiri, itatu kapena kuposa. Aliyense wa zosintha zimenezi aumbike mwa mmodzi maatomu mtundu. Scientist J. Bertsellius mu 1841 loyamba chodabwitsa allotropism. chitsanzo Open poyamba okhawo nalo dongosolo maselo a zinthu. Mwachitsanzo, awiri odziwika allotropic kusinthidwa kwa mpweya, zomwe maatomu kupanga molekyulu. Kenako ofufuza anapeza kuti zosintha kukhala pakati makhiristo. Malinga ndi mfundo ano, allotropy ndi mmodzi wa milandu polymorphism. Kusiyana mitundu asilikali chifukwa mapangidwe nsinga mankhwala mamolekyulu ndi timibulu. Izi chionetsero mbali kwenikweni zinthu 13-16 ya Table nthawi ndi nthawi.

Kodi osiyana mitundu maatomu kumaonekera katundu wa nkhaniyi?

Allotropic kusinthidwa mpweya ndi Mpweya umene anapanga chinthu maatomu ndi ndondomeko nambala 8 ndi nambalayi wa ma elekitironi. Koma iwo ali osiyana mu dongosolo, chifukwa mu kusiyana ndithu mu katundu.

Mawuwo pa zotsatira za kufanana: mpweya allotropic zosintha musati amasiyana zikuchokera Mkhalidwe. Kapangidwe maselo amakhudza thupi katundu ndi mankhwala zinthu.

Kaya ndalama mpweya ndi Mpweya umene mu chikhalidwe cha chomwecho?

Mankhwala, amene chilinganizo O ₂ amapezeka mu mlengalenga, ndi hydrosphere, kutumphuka ndi zamoyo. About 20% ya mpweya anapanga mamolekyulu diatomic wa oxygen. Mu stratosphere pamalo okwera za 12-50 Km from dziko lapansili ndi wosanjikiza amatchedwa "Mpweya umene chishango". kapangidwe kake amasonyeza chilinganizo O _3. Mpweya umene amateteza dziko lathuli, kwambiri kungolandira zoipa cheza ultraviolet wa dzuwa ndi sipekitiramu wofiira. Mankhwala ndende zikusintha, ndiponso kufunika pafupifupi ndi otsika - 0,001%. Choncho, O ₂ ndi O ₃ - allotropic kusinthidwa mpweya ndi kusiyana kwambiri yogawa m'chilengedwe.

Kodi kutenga mpweya ndi Mpweya umene?

Maselo mpweya - zofunika kwambiri ophweka mankhwala Padziko Lapansi. Iwo aumbike mwa magawo wobiriwira zomera kuwala mu ndondomeko ya photosynthesis. Pamene kukha magetsi cha masoka kapena yokumba chiyambi diatomic mpweya yopuma molekyulu. Kutentha pa zomwe ndondomeko akuyamba, ali pafupi 2000 ° C. ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira Part akuwuka chikugwirizana kachiwiri kupanga oxygen. Mitundu ina yogwira anatani ndi tinthu diatomic wa oxygen. Mu linachepa, Mpweya umene analandira, amenenso amachitira ndi mpweya ufulu ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira. Choncho pali diatomic mamolekyulu. Kusintha anachita zimachititsa kuti anthu ambiri Mpweya umene mumlengalenga zikusintha. Mu stratosphere mapangidwe wosanjikiza linapangidwa ndi O ₃ mamolekyulu chifukwa cha kutentha ultraviolet dzuwa. Popanda chishango ichi zoteteza cheza choopsa akafuna padziko Lapansi ndi kuwononga mtundu uliwonse moyo.

Allotropic zosintha mpweya ndi sulfure

Mankhwala zinthu O (Oxygenium) ndi S (Sulfa) imakonzedwa mu gulu lomwelo la tebulo nthawi, iwo yodziwika ndi mapangidwe mitundu ya allotropic. Mamolekyulu ndi manambala osiyanasiyana maatomu sulfure (2, 4, 6, 8) m'mikhalidwe ochiritsira, khola kwambiri - S8, omwe akufanana mu mawonekedwe korona. The orthorhombic ndi monoclinic sulfure anamanga zoterozo mamolekyulu 8-atomu.

Pa kutentha 119 ° C monoclinic mawonekedwe chikasu bulauni viscous mitundu misa - kusinthidwa zodzikongoletsera. Kuphunzira zosintha allotropic a sulfa ndi mpweya ndi zofunika umagwirira ongolankhula ndi ntchito zothandiza.

Mu lonse mafakitale ntchito katundu zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni zosiyanasiyana. Mpweya umene The ntchito disinfection wa mpweya ndi madzi. Koma pa woipa pamwamba 0,16 mg / M3, mpweya umenewu ndi oopsa kwa anthu ndi nyama. Maselo mpweya chofunika kwa kupuma, amagwiritsidwanso ntchito pa mafakitale ndi mankhwala. Yofunika kwambiri mu ntchito zachuma mbali allotrope mpweya (diamondi, graphite), phosphorous (woyera, wofiira) ndi zinthu zina.