White phosphorous, ofiira ndi wakuda - makhalidwe ndi ntchito

Phosphorus ndi zofala mankhwala mchitidwe padziko lathuli. Dzinali anamasuliridwa ngati "kuunika", chifukwa maonekedwe koyera, kuwala mu mdima. Tsegulani chinthu ichi chinali ndithu mwangozi, alchemist Henning Brandt, pamene iye anayesera kuti wachotsa golide mkodzo. Popeza phosphorous ndi chinthu choyamba chimene asayansi anali kupeza kudzera zatsopano awo.

Makhalidwe a phosphorous

Ndi mankhwala wokangalika, motero angapezeke kokha mu mawonekedwe a mchere - mankhwala ndi zinthu zina, amene pali 190 mitundu. Zofunika kwambiri pawiri - kashiamu wa phosphate (apatite mchere). Tsopano pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya apatite, ambiri amene ali fluorapatite. A apatite ndi lopangidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya thanthwe nyanja - phosphates.

Zamoyo moyo phosphorous ndi zofunika kwambiri, kuyambira mbali ya onse masamba ndi nyama mapuloteni mu mawonekedwe a mankhwala osiyanasiyana.

Zomera, mchitidwe umenewu uli makamaka mapuloteni mu mbewu ndi nyama - mu mapuloteni zosiyanasiyana magazi, mkaka, maselo a ubongo ndi zimakhala mantha. Wambirimbiri phosphorous ali mawonekedwe kashiamu wa phosphate mu mafupa a inakhala.

Phosphorus alipo atatu zosintha allotropic: phosphorous woyera, ofiira ndi wakuda. Tiyeni tione iwo mwatsatanetsatane.

phosphorous White akhoza zopezera mofulumira kuziziritsa nthunzi ya. Kenako anapanga crystalline olimba, amene chimaonekera mwamtheradi ndi colorless mu chikhalidwe choyera. phosphorous White, anafuna zogulitsa, nthawi zambiri utoto mumtundu pang'ono chikasu ndipo maonekedwe ake ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi phula. Mu mankhwala ozizira amakhala osalimba, ndipo pa kutentha pamwamba madigiri 15 amakhala zofewa mosavuta kudula ndi mpeni.

Mu madzi, woyera phosphorous si kusungunuka, koma amayankha bwino mankhwala ndiponso. Mu mpweya izo oxidizes mofulumira kwambiri (wayamba kuwotcha) ndipo komabe glows mu mdima. Kwenikweni, lingaliro la wowala chinthu ndi ofufuza nkhani ya posakasaka wa Baskervilles chikugwirizana ndi phosphorous woyera. Ndi amphamvu zapoizoni woopsa ngakhale pa mlingo yaing'ono.

Red phosphorous - olimba mdima mtundu ofiira omwe ali katundu osiyana kwambiri ndi tafotokozazi. Iwo oxidized mu mpweya pang'onopang'ono, mu mdima, anayatsa, anayatsa yekha ndi Kutentha mu organic zosungunulira njira zace n'zosathekadi, ndipo si chakupha. A Kutentha amphamvu, limene palibe mwayi wa mpweya, popanda kusungunuka, ndi n'kukhala nthunzi, umene pa yozizira, ndipo analandira woyera phosphorous. Mu kuyaka kwa zinthu onse anapanga okusayidi phosphorous, zomwe zikutsimikizira kukhalapo mu dongosolo lawo la chinthu chomwecho. M'mawu ena, iwo anapanga ndi limodzi mchitidwe - phosphor - ndipo zosintha ake allotropic.

Black phosphorous zakonzedwa kwa woyera pa madigiri 200 Celsius pansi kuthamanga. Iwo ali dongosolo magawo, ndi zachitsulo luster ndi maonekedwe ofanana graphite. A mitundu yonse ya mankhwala olimba ndi osachepera yogwira.

Ntchito phosphorous

Modern kupanga wa phosphorous - miliyoni matani pa chaka. opanga lalikulu la United States, Netherlands, Canada, Germany.

Mtokoma wa opangidwa mowa phosphorous kwa matenthedwe asidi phosphoric ntchito kupanga feteleza ndi phosphates. White phosphorous ntchito monga incendiary ndi utsi yotulutsa wothandizira, kuphatikizapo tracer zipolopolo.

Red ntchito kupanga ndi pamwamba incendiary wa matchbox, ndipo kupanga mababu incandescent kuwala, amachita ngati getter a.

Phosphorus wapeza ntchito zake zitsulo. Izo ntchito monga zowonjezera woti ubale kasakaniza wazitsulo doped, solders, zofewa maginito kasakaniza wazitsulo ndi antifriction.