Zinthu zoyera ndiponso zosakaniza zace. Njira yolekanitsa zosakaniza

M'nkhaniyi tiona zimene zinthu oyera ndi zosakaniza, njira kulekanitsa zosakaniza. Tsiku ndi tsiku, ntchito zawo aliyense wa ife. Ndipo ngati ameneyu amapezeka mu chikhalidwe-wochezeka zinthu? Ndipo kusiyanitsa iwo kuchokera zosakaniza?

zinthu zoyera ndiponso zosakaniza zache; njira kulekanitsa zosakaniza

Woyera otchedwa zinthu zili particles kwa nyama yeniyeni yekha. Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti chikhalidwe cha awo pafupifupi sanali sakupezeka, popeza onse, ngakhale mu kufanana miniti, muli zosafunika. Mwamtheradi zinthu zonse monga sungunuka m'madzi. Ngakhale pamene kumizidwa mu madzi, mwachitsanzo, mphete siliva wa ayoni zitsulo mu njira.

Chizindikiro zinthu zoyera ndi zonse zikuchokera ndi thupi katundu. Mu ndondomeko ya mapangidwe awo kusintha mphamvu. Komanso, mungathe onse achuluke ndichepe. Gawani chinthu choyera m'zigawo osiyana kudzera mwa mankhwala anachita. Mwachitsanzo, madzi okha distsillirovannaya lililonse kwa kuwira zimenezi zili ndi yozizira koopsa, kusowa kukoma ndi kununkhiza. A linakwiriridwa mpweya wake ndi wa hydrogen n'chotheka mwa electrolysis.

Ndipo kodi wosiyana zinthu oyera anatengedwa pamodzi? Kuti tiyankhe funso limeneli, tidzathandiza zimapangidwira. Njira kulekana ndi zosakaniza thupi, chifukwa iwo sasintha mipweya zinthu. Mosiyana ndi zinthu zoyera, zosakaniza ndi wosakhazikika zikuchokera ndi katundu, ndipo iwo akhoza kugawidwa mwa njira thupi.

ndi mix Kodi

Mix ndi kuika zinthu payekha. Mwachitsanzo ake ndi madzi a m'nyanja. Mosiyana distsillirovannoy, ali ndi zowawa kapena mchere kulawa, zithupsa pa apamwamba, koma amaundana pa kutentha otsika. Njira yolekanitsa zosakaniza zinthu ndi thupi. Choncho, madzi nyanja mukhoza kupeza mchere koona evaporation ndi wotsatira crystallization.

mitundu zosakaniza

Ngati inu kuwonjezera shuga madzi, patapita kanthawi particles yake adzakhala kupasuka ndipo kukhala wosaoneka. Chifukwa, iwo sangakhoze kusiyana ndi apoyera. zosakaniza amatchedwa homogeneous kapena homogeneous. Zitsanzo zake komanso ndi mpweya, petulo, msuzi, mizimu, madzi wokoma ndi mchere, ndi aloyi zamkuwa zotayidwa. Monga mukuonera, osakaniza homogeneous akhoza kukhala mu maiko osiyanasiyana loitanirana, koma zakumwa ambiri. Iwo akutchedwanso njira.

Mu zosakaniza sakanikira kapena sakanikira wa particles akhoza kusiyana zinthu payekha. Iron ndi nkhuni utuchi, mchenga ndi mchere ndi zitsanzo zawo lililonse. zosakaniza Inhomogeneous ali umatchedwanso suspensions. Pakati pawo kusiyanitsa suspensions ndi emulsions. The zikuchokera zikuphatikizapo madzi woyamba ndi olimba. Motero, emulsion ndi osakaniza a madzi ndi mchenga. Emulsion ndi ya zakumwa ziwiri ndi machulukidwe osiyana.

Pali sakanikira osakaniza ndi mayina enieni. Choncho, chitsanzo ndi polystyrene thovu, ndi aerosols monga chifunga, utsi, deodorants, ophera fungo loipa, antistatics.

Njira yolekanitsa zosakaniza

Ndithudi, mankhwala ambiri ndi katundu wambiri n'kopindulitsa kuposa zinthu payekha anatengedwa payokha, m'gulu zikuchokera awo. Koma ngakhale pa moyo pali zochitika pamene mufunika kugawana. Ndipo makampani ndondomeko ife zochokera yopanga lonse. Mwachitsanzo, ku mafuta chifukwa cha ake processing analandira mafuta, gasoil, palafini, mafuta mafuta, makina mafuta ndi solyarovoe, propellants, acetylene ndi benzene. Gwirizanani, ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala amenewa koposa kutentha mafuta mosaganizira.

Tsopano tiyeni tiwone ngati pali chinthu monga njira mankhwala kwa kulekanitsa zosakaniza. Tiyeni tinene, kuchokera ku amadzimadzi njira mchere, tiyenera kupeza chinthu choyera. Kusakaniza izi ndi usavutike. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, madzi kwasanduka nthunzi, ndi mcherewo analimbikitsa. Koma sizichitika kusintha kwa ena zinthu mu ena. Izi zikutanthauza kuti maziko a ndondomeko imeneyi ndi zochitika thupi.

Njira yolekanitsa zosakaniza amadalira boma la loitanirana, luso solubility kusiyana mu otentha kutentha, kachulukidwe ndi zikuchokera zigawo zake. Tiyeni tikambirane mfundo iliyonse ya zimenezi mwatsatanetsatane ndi zitsanzo.

zosefera

Njira imeneyi ndi yabwino kupatukana zosakaniza amene ali madzi mmenemo, ndi insoluble olimba. Mwachitsanzo, madzi ndi mtsinje mchenga. osakaniza ayenera kudutsa sefa. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, madzi oyera ndidzadutsa momasuka mu izo, ndi mchenga adzatsala.

yothetsa

Ena njira ya kulekanitsa zosakaniza zochokera kanthu yokoka. Choncho pa zinthu woyera akhoza decomposed suspensions ndi emulsions. Ngati kugunda masamba mafuta, osakaniza amenewa choyamba afunika kugwedeza madzi. Ndiye kusiya kwa kanthawi. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, madzi adzakhala pansi pa chotengeracho, ndi mu mawonekedwe a filimu mafuta chihemacho.

M'mikhalidwe zasayansi kwa sedimentation ntchito ndi nyuzi separatory. Chifukwa cha ntchito yake ndi zambiri madzi wandiweyani akatulutsidwa chiwiya, ndi kuwala chikhalire.

Kuthetsa ndondomeko amakhala ndi mlingo wochepa otaya. Zimafunika nthawi zina kupanga sludge. Mu zikhalidwe mafakitale, ndondomeko imeneyi ikuchitika nyumba wakupambulika dzinache sumps.

kanthu maginito

Ngati zikuchokera zikuphatikizapo osakaniza zitsulo, akhoza anapambulwa ndi maginito. Mwachitsanzo, kupatutsa chitsulo ndi nkhuni utuchi. Koma ngati zitsulo Pamoyo katundu zimenezi? Konse. Pakuti njira imeneyi ndi zosakaniza oyenera okha munali ferromagnets. Kuwonjezera kusita ndipo zikuphatikiza faifi tambala, cobalt, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium.

distillation

Dzinali linamasuliridwa kuchokera ku Chilatini amatanthauza "akukuthonyera akutsikira." Distillation amapereka njira kulekanitsa zosakaniza zochokera kusiyana otentha mfundo zinthu. Choncho, ngakhale chilengedwe kunyumba akhoza kugawidwa mowa ndi madzi. Nkhani koyamba kunayamba asanduke nthunzi pa kutentha 78 madigiri Celsius. Ponena pamalo ozizira nthunzi mowa condense, amakhala madzi.

Makampani njira imeneyi, mafuta kuyenga mankhwala, zonunkhiritsa, zitsulo koyera.

Evaporation ndi crystallization

Njirazi ali oyenera kulekanitsa zosakaniza njira madzi. Zinthu zimene m'gulu zikuchokera awo, mfundo zosiyanasiyana kuwira. Choncho n'zotheka kulandira shuga kapena mchere timibulu kwa madzi mu zomwe kusungunuka. Kuti athandizidwe ndi njirayi anali mkangano ndi chamunthuyo kuti boma zimalimbikitsa. Pankhaniyi, makhiristo ndi woterowu. Ngati m'pofunika kupeza madzi aukhondo, ndiye yankho wabweretsedwa kwa otentha ndipo anayamba condensation nthunzi pa pamwamba ozizira.

Njira yolekanitsa zosakaniza gasi

The osakaniza gaseous ndi wosiyana zasayansi ndi njira mafakitale chifukwa ndondomeko amafuna zipangizo zina zapadera. The zopangira chiyambi zachilengedwe ndi mpweya, coke, jenereta, ndi okhudzidwa gasi, chomwe chiri ya chimasanduka.

njira thupi la kulekana kwa zosakaniza, awa ali mu mkhalidwe gaseous:

• Condensation - ndi ndondomeko ya kuzirala mwapang'onopang'ono osakaniza, imene condensation a ziwalo. Mu ichi poyamba pochitika madzi sostonie mkulu kuwira zinthu, amene Akusonkhanitsa separators lapansi. Choncho analandira kuchokera mpweya coke-uvuni, haidrojeni, ndi amoniya anapatulidwa kwa gawo unreacted wa kusakaniza.
• Sorption - ndi mayamwidwe ena zinthu zina. Zimenezi ali otsutsana zigawo pakati lomwe mgwirizano unakhazikitsidwa zotani. Pakufunika zinthu zosiyana patsogolo ndi n'zosiyana ndondomeko. Mbali yoyamba, osakaniza kuthamanga ndi kutentha otsika. Chotero ndondomeko amatchedwa sorption. Pankhani zosiyana, ndi zinthu zosiyana: mochedwerako pa kutentha.
• Nembanemba kupatukana - njira imene ntchito semipermeable partitions katundu kusankha pochitika mamolekyulu zinthu zosiyanasiyana.
• Reflux - condensation zosakaniza zigawo mkulu-kuwira kwa kuzirala awo. Kutentha ya kusintha kwa boma madzi a zigawo munthu ayenera amasiyana kwambiri.

koromatogarafe

Dzina njira angamasuliridwe monga "kulemba mtundu". Tiyerekeze kuti madzi anawonjezera kuti inki. Pamene choviikidwa mu chisakanizo cha mapeto a fyuluta pepala, izo lidzayamba odzipereka. madzi limbikirani mwamsanga inki zimene zimagwiritsa amawasonyeza mosiyanasiyana wa sorbed zinthu. Koromatogarafe si njira ya kulekanitsa zosakaniza, komanso ndi akuphunzira katundu zinthu monga mayamwidwe ndi solubility.

Choncho, tinakumana ndi mfundo monga "zinthu woyera" ndi "zosakaniza". The kale zinthu kapena mankhwala amene amakhala yekha wa particles wa mtundu winawake. Zitsanzo zawo mchere, shuga, madzi distsillirovannaya. Osakaniza - osakaniza zinthu payekha. Kuti iwo pogwiritsa ntchito njira. njira A olekanitsa zimadalira thupi katundu wa m'nyanjazi ake. Anthu akuluakulu monga Kuthetsa, evaporation, crystallization, kusefera, distillation, koromatogarafe ndi maginito kanthu.