Zimene shuga nayonso mphamvu. Mitundu, mtengo ndi nayonso mphamvu mankhwala

Nayonso mphamvu ya shuga - mmodzi wa zochita zikuluzikulu zimene n'zotheka kukonzekera mowa. Izo zikhoza kuchitidwa mosiyanasiyana, omwe malonda munthu anapanga. Zimenezi ndi mbali yaikulu ku madera ambiri a moyo wathu, popeza kuphika ndi kukonzekera vinyo ndi mowa wamphamvu ndi kutha chifukwa cha zochita mu thupi lathu.

nkhani

Ndondomeko nayonso mphamvu ya shuga ndi dzuwa ena anagwiritsa ntchito anthu akale. Iwo anadya pang'ono chakudya podbrodivshuyu. chakudya zinali bwino chifukwa munali mowa, mwa amene adapha mabakiteriya ambiri zoipa. Mu Egypt ndi Babulo, anthu ankadziwa momwe kupesa zakumwa zambiri zotsekemera ndi mkaka. Anthu m'zaka za m'ma 18 mochedwa anatha kumvetsa bwino ndondomeko imeneyi, mitundu yake ndi mwayi kusintha, kwambiri kuchuluka mafakitale apamwamba monga kvaso-, moŵa ndi vinyo mowa wamphamvu.

mitundu ya nayonso

Oddly zokwanira, koma ndondomeko ndi osiyana. Ndipo zosiyana mitundu ya shuga mankhwala nayonso mphamvu yotsiriza. Motero, pali asidi lactic, mowa, citric acid, acetone, butyric ndi ena. Tilankhure pang'ono za mtundu uliwonse payokha. Lactic mukubwadamuka shuga - zofunika ndondomeko yokonza zinthu monga yogurt, wowawasa kirimu yogurt, kanyumba tchizi. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kuteteza masamba ndi amachita amagwira ntchito mu thupi lathu: mu zikhalidwe za kusowa kwa mpweya, shuga ndi kutembenukira ku chomaliza mankhwala - asidi lactic, kamene kamayambitsa kupweteka minofu pa nthawi ya zolimbitsa thupi ndi pang'ono kenako.

nayonso mphamvu mowa losiyana mu kuti ethyl mowa kupangidwa ngati chomaliza mankhwala. Iwo ubwera mothandizidwa ndi yaying'ono-zamoyo - yisiti. Ndipo ali ndi mbali yaikulu mu kuphika, chifukwa kuwonjezera waukulu mankhwala pa mowa nayonso mphamvu ya shuga anamasulidwa mpweya woipa (ili limafotokoza fluffiness yisiti mtanda).

Citric asidi nayonso mphamvu kumachitika, ngati n'zosavuta ndikuganiza, kupanga citric acid. Pamafunika malo mchikakamizo cha winawake bowa ndi mbali ya Krebs adzizungulira, kuti amatipatsa kupuma maselo m'thupi mwathu.

Kafungo kabwino-butanol-Mowa nayonso mphamvu ndi ofanana kwambiri kuti asidi butyric. Chifukwa, izo anapanga butyric asidi, butyl ndi ethyl alcohols, acetone ndi mpweya. Pamene butyric nayonso mphamvu aumbike kokha mutu lolingana asidi ndi mpweya.

Tsopano tikambirana mitundu yonse mwatsatanetsatane, ndi kuyamba ndi ndizosowa - chidakwa nayonso mphamvu ya shuga. Iwo tikambirana mwatsatanetsatane zochita zonse ndi mokoma asayembekezere.

mowa nayonso

Uzani pang'ono za shuga nayonso mphamvu, amene aone kuti pali: C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ = 2C ₂ H ₅ HA + 2 Akorinto _2. Kodi tikuphunzira chiyani pa zimene imeneyi? Tili mankhwala awiri: mowa ethyl ndi mpweya. Chifukwa otsiriza tikuona vzbuhanie yisiti mtanda. Koma chifukwa choyamba ndi mwayi kupeza kukoma wosaiwalika wa vinyo ndi vinyo mankhwala. Koma mu mfundo imeneyi yokha chosavuta aone kuti pali. shuga nayonso mphamvu uli wathunthu zimene zovuta kwambiri, tiyeni Tiyeni tione ichi pang'ono zakuya.

Pali ndondomeko monga glycolysis. Kwenikweni, dzina la amatanthauza "akuwaza a shuga". Kumachitika m'thupi, ndi zake zam'mbali-mankhwala ndi pyruvic asidi, ndi chachikulu - adenozinotrifosfornaya asidi (ATP), amene anapanga pa linachepa ku pawiri wina. Tikhoza kunena kuti ATP ndi chonyamulira cha mphamvu m'thupi, ndi zoona glycolysis ndi kupereka thupi lathu ndi mphamvu.

Sitikudziwa mwadala nkhawa pa ntchito imeneyi. Ndipotu, nayonso mphamvu ndi ofanana kwambiri glycolysis, monga gawo loyamba iwo zofanana mwamtheradi. Inu mukanakhoza kunena kuti nayonso mphamvu mowa shuga anachita ndi kupitiriza glycolysis. Anapanga pa pyruvate lomaliza (ion pyruvic acid) ndi kutembenukira ku acetaldehyde (CH ₃ -C (O) H) ndi kutulutsidwa kwa chochokera mpweya. Kenako, mankhwala chifukwa yafupika coenzyme NADH ali mabakiteriya. Zotsatira kuchira mu mapangidwe Mowa.

Choncho, zimene shuga nayonso mphamvu kwa Mowa zikuwoneka ngati izi:

1) C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ 2 = C ₃ H ₄ O ₃ + 4 H ⁺

2) C ₃ H ₄ O ₃ = CH ₃ -COH + NKHA ₂

3) CH ₃ -COH ⁺ NADH + H + = C ₂ H ₅ HA ⁺ nad +

NADH ndi chothandizira kwa zotani, ndipo ion nad ⁺ watenga mbali yaikulu pa magawo oyambirira glycolysis, ndi kupanga pa mapeto a nayonso mphamvu mowa, amagwanso ndondomekoyi.

Tiyeni tisunthire kwa zosiyanasiyana lotsatira mosiyanasiyana mayesero mtundu.

Lactic nayonso mphamvu ya shuga

Mtundu uwu wa mowa ndi wosiyana kuti palibe mchikakamizo cha yisiti ndi thandizo mabakiteriya lactic acid. Choncho, tili ndi mankhwala chosiyana. Lactic nayonso mphamvu likugwiritsidwanso ntchito minofu yathu pa katundu mkulu komanso kusowa oxygen.

Pali mitundu iwiri ya ndondomekoyi. Choyamba - homofermentative nayonso mphamvu. Ngati inu munayamba mwamvapo manambala oyambirira "Homo", mwina mukudziwa chimene izo zikutanthauza. Homofermentative nayonso mphamvu - ndondomeko yokhudza enzyme umodzi. Mu sitepe yoyamba ya glycolysis anapanga piroviogradnaya acid. Ndiye, pyruvate chifukwa (mu njira Asidiyu angathe unalipo mu mawonekedwe a ayoni) pansi pa hydrogenation ntchito NADH ⁺ H ndi lactate. Kuchepetsa mankhwala ndi asidi lactic, omwe pafupifupi 90% ya mankhwala chifukwa pa zotani. pawiri Komabe, akhoza kupangidwa ngati isomers awiri osiyana: D ndi L. Izi mitundu amasiyana kuti ali galasi zifaniziro za wina ndi mzake, choncho ndi zotsatira zosiyana pa chamoyo wathu. Chimene isomer adzakhala anapanga mokulirapo, Mzimuyo kapangidwe ka dehydrogenase lactate.

Tiyeni tisunthire kwa mtundu wachiwiri lactic asidi nayonso mphamvu - heterofermentative. pochita zimenezi michere angapo, ndipo umapita pa njira yovuta kwambiri. Chifukwa cha ichi, pamene anachita umabala mankhwala zina zosiyana: pambali asidi lactic tingapeze kumeneko asidi acetic ndi ethyl mowa.

Apa takambirana nayonso mphamvu lactic. Iyi ndiyo njira imene tikhoza kukhala kukoma kwa kanyumba tchizi, yogurt, wowawasa mkaka ndi yogurt. Kuti adzimvera ndi kulemba zimene lactic asidi nayonso mphamvu ya shuga mu mawonekedwe onse: C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ = 2 C ₃ H ₆ O _3. Ndithudi, izi ndi chithunzi chidule cha ndondomeko homofermentative nayonso, monga ngakhale heterofermentative ndondomeko chiwembu kudzakhala kovuta kwambiri. Akatswiri adakali kuphunzira nayonso mphamvu lactic shuga ndi kutsimikizira kwathunthu njira yake, choncho tiri kupita.

citrate nayonso

Zimene mtundu wa nayonso mphamvu kumachitika, monga mowa, pa zochita za ena bowa kupsyinjika. Complete limagwirira zotani izi asanamvetsetse, ndi tingadalire yekha ena simplifications. Komabe pali maganizo oti siteji koyamba za ndondomeko ndi glycolysis. Ndiye asidi pyruvic ndi wotembenuka nayenso ku asidi ndipo citric malire osiyana. Chifukwa munthu limagwirira zidulo zina atasunga zimene - mankhwala a chosakwanira makutidwe ndi okosijeni a shuga.

Zimenezi zikachitika mchikakamizo cha mpweya, ndi zambiri zikhoza olembedwa ndi anthu aone kuti pali zotsatirazi: 2C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ + 3O ₂ = 2C ₆ H ₈ O ₇ + 4H ₂ O. Isanafike mtundu wa nayonso mphamvu anatsegula, anthu yotengedwa citric asidi kokha Finyani zipatso lolingana ya mtengo. Komabe, mu chidulo izi mandimu osati choposa 15% Komabe, njira imeneyi anasonyeza kuti kosathandiza, ndipo pambuyo kutsegula kwa zimene analandira onse a njira asidi nayonso mphamvu.

butyric asidi nayonso

Tiyeni tisunthire kwa mtundu lotsatira. Mtundu wa nayonso mphamvu kumachitika pansi zochita za mabakiteriya butyric acid. Iwo ali ambiri, ndi ndondomeko yomwe iwo chifukwa, akuchita mbali yofunika kwambiri mu m'zinthu biologically zofunika. Ndi mabakiteriya awa ndi kuwonongeka kwa zinthu akufa. Butyric asidi, amene anapanga pa zimene, fungo ake amakopeka miimba.

Mtundu wa nayonso mphamvu ntchito mu makampani. Mukhoza ndikuganiza, iwo ndi asidi butyric. esters ake ankagwiritsa ntchito popanga mafutawa ndi ndi fungo lokondweretsa, mosiyana kwambiri kuposa. Komabe, si nthawi zonse butyric asidi nayonso mphamvu ndi opindulitsa. Zingayambitse kuwonongeka kwa masamba, chakudya zamzitini, mkaka ndi zina. Koma izi zingachitike pokhapokha ngati mankhwala anabwera mabakiteriya asidi butyric.

Tiyeni tione limagwirira wa butyric asidi nayonso mphamvu ya shuga. Zochita chimaoneka: C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ → CH ₃ CH ₂ CH ₂ COOH + 2 Akorinto ₂ ↑ + 2H _2. Chifukwa, mphamvu komanso kwaiye, amene amathandiza ntchito moyo mabakiteriya butyric acid.

Kafungo kabwino-butanol-Mowa nayonso

mtundu uwu ndi ofanana kwambiri kuti asidi butyric. Kulowelera mu njira iyi mungathe osati shuga komanso glycerol, ndi asidi pyruvic. Zimenezi zikhoza kugawidwa mu magawo awiri: loyamba (ndipo nthawi zina amatchedwa acid) kwenikweni ndi butyric asidi nayonso mphamvu. Komabe, kuwonjezera mafuta, komabe ndi asidi acetic waima. Mu njira iyi tipeze malonda nayonso mphamvu ya shuga, amene amapita mu gawo lachiwiri (atsetonobutilovuyu). Chifukwa ndondomeko lonse chikuchitika komanso mchikakamizo cha mabakiteriya, ndiye acidification sing'anga (kuwonjezeka mu ndende zidulo) ndi Kugawilidwa kwanthaka wa michere mabakiteriya yeniyeni. Iwo kupangira kutembenuka zimene mankhwala shuga nayonso mphamvu mu N-butanol (butyl mowa) ndi kafungo kabwino. Komanso, ungadzakhazikitsidwe ena Mowa.

zina nayonso

Kuwonjezera mitundu awa asanu a ndondomeko imeneyi, pali angapo. Mwachitsanzo, ndi acetic nayonso mphamvu. Amagwiritsidwanso zikuchitika pansi zochita za mabakiteriya ambiri. Mtundu wa nayonso mphamvu akhoza kumwedwa zothandiza pamene pickling. Kumatetezera chakudya kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. More kusiyanitsa zamchere kapena dziko nayonso mphamvu. Mosiyana ndi mitundu yapita, mtundu wa nayonso mphamvu akhoza kuchitika kwa ambiri mankhwala organic. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, ambiri zochita zovuta, zinthu organic linakwiriridwa mu methane, hydrogen ndi mpweya.

Udindo kwachilengedwenso

Nayonso mphamvu - njira yakale kwambiri chotenga mphamvu ndi zamoyo. Ena zinthu organic akupangidwa, imodzi kulandira mphamvu, ndi ena kuwononga zinthu izi kupeza mphamvu. Yachokera pa moyo wathu wonse. Ndipo aliyense wa ife nayonso mphamvu mu maonekedwe ena ndi ena amapezeka. Monga tidanena pamwambapa, lactic asidi nayonso mphamvu akupezeka minofu pa masewera olimbitsa thupi kwambiri.

Kodi wina kukayendera?

Ngati muli ndi chidwi ndi sayansi ya ndondomekoyi chidwi kwambiri, tiyenera kuyamba kuchokera m'mabuku sukulu umagwirira ndi zamoyo. Mu mabuku ambiri koleji akufotokozedwa ngati zofunikila zinthu zimene mutawerenga iwo mudzatha kukhala katswiri mu nkhani imeneyi.

Pomaliza

Apa ife tikubwera ku mapeto. Ife ankaiphwasula mitundu yonse ya shuga nayonso mphamvu ndi mfundo za njira izi, amene amagwira nawo ntchito yofunika kwambiri kugwira ntchito zamoyo, komanso makampani wathu. N'zotheka kuti m'tsogolo ife adzatsegula mitundu yochepa kwambiri ya ndondomekoyi wakale ndi kuphunzira mmene angadzigwiritsire ntchito izo kuti athandize okha, monga anachitira ndi kale kudziwika kwa ife.