Kum'mwera nyanja

Kodi nyanja? Ocean - lonse madzi chigoba cha Earth, amene lozungulira m'mayiko ndi zilumba. Kuposa peresenti makumi asanu ndi awiri (kukhala enieni, 71%) a nyemba Lapansili ndi nyanja. Kodi nyanja? Mayiko ndi zilumba zikuluzikulu za m'nyanja dziko anawagawa m'magulu asanu. Pa mapu opangidwa latsopano la Russia, amayamba sadzapeza cha Kumwera Ocean. Komabe, mu 2000, mayiko Hydrographic Union linavomereza chigamulo pa nsoka wa danga dziko madzi pa nyanja zisanu. Amadziwika kuzungulira Pacific, Indian, Atlantic ndi Arctic anawonjezera Kumwera Ocean. Nchifukwa chiyani anawonjezera kuti mndandanda? Ngakhale kuti malire a kum'mwera kwa Atlantic, Pacific ndi Nsomba zopezeka m'nyanja zikuluzikulu Indian ndi mwachilungamo ochiritsira, madzi, pafupi Antarctica, ndi katundu yeniyeni. Komabe, tisaiwale kuti chigamulo cha mayiko Hydrographic Union sanakhale linalowa nawo m'Pangano.

Kumwera Ocean ndi S ndi malire a kumpoto, amene ankaona Antarctic mgwirizano zone (zone za mgwirizano wa mafunde padziko). Ena oceanographers, asayansi amakhulupirira kuti malire thupi la Southern Ocean ndi pang'ono kumpoto, ndicho Arc ku mbali ya kum'mwera ya Tierra del Fuego kuti South Africa. Malo ndi oposa mamiliyoni 76 makilomita lalikulu, yaikulu mpandawo kuya kwa South Sandwich ngalande ndi za 8428 meters.

The loyamba Kumwera Ocean mu 1650. The Dutch malo, B. Varenius. Kenako, m'zaka za m'ma 18, anayamba kuphunzira dera.

Mu 1845, ku London Royal Geographical Society zoperekedwa kwa danga lonse, ndiwo malire kwa bwalo kum'mwera kumalo ozizira ndi chimafikira kwa Africa Antarctic, wotchedwa Kumwera Arctic Ocean. Kumwera Ocean mu mapepala a bungwe la International Hydrographic Organization anali olekanitsidwa mu 1937 ku Pacific, Atlantic ndi Indian Komabe, kenako adzasiyidwa.

Mbiri ya phunziro la Southern Ocean ndizodziwika kuti sitima yoyamba, amene anawoloka mu 1559 kum'mwera bwalo kumalo ozizira, anali m'chombo Dutch molamulidwa ndi Dirk Geerittsa, membala wa squadron wa Yakobo Magyu. D. Geerittsa sitima Strait of Magellan pambuyo namondwe wamphamvu anataya pamaso pa squadron, napita kum'mwera. Akuponya pafupifupi 64 ° kumpoto chakum'mwera, lamulo anaona pokwera.

Mu 1772, m'chaka cha Great Britain pa ulendo kampeni ake amwanayo nyanja Chigawo cha kum'mwera cha Wofufuzayo wotchuka D. Cook, ndipo kumayambiriro kwa chaka 1773rd, zombo ake awiri anafika kum'mwera bwalo kumalo ozizira. Komabe, pa nkhondo wosimidwa ndi ayezi, anatembenuka. Patapita miyezi ingapo Cook anapitanso ku Kumwera Ocean, ndipo December 8, 1773 anagunda kum'mwera kwa Arctic Circle, koma chombo chidafika zatort ayezi. Komabe, anamuchotsera ayezi ukapolo, ndi linaposa kum'mwera. Koma kachiwiri izo anaimitsidwa ndi khoma moti ayezi, omwe saloledwa kupita patsogolo. Mu ulendo wachiwiri kwa South Pole Cook kawiri anawoloka Antarctic Circle, ndipo ankakhulupirira kuti nambala yaikulu namkholowa limasonyeza kuti zofuna kwambiri kuti chidwi Antarctic Africa. Ake Zopatsa kumalo ozizira nyanja ya ulendo pamenepa bwino ndi yalongosoledwa momveka bwino kuti kuposa aliyense kupatula whalers wosimidwa, nthawi yaitali sanayese n'komwe kupita kumadera amenewa ndi kukaziyesa.

Mu June 1819 Russian ofufuza Bellingshausen ndi Mikhail Lazarev anapita sloops awiri a nkhondo ku Kronstadt cha Kumwera Ocean. Iwo apita kuseri kum'mwera kwa Arctic Circle, anadutsa pa kum'mawa, mu January 1821 anapeza zilumba za Peter Ine, ndipo kenako mu January 1820 - Earth Alexander I. The ulendo analamula Bellingshausen anapanga woyamba kupalasa zonse ang'onoang'ono chilikupita makhoti padziko Antarctica, pa nthawi iyi ulendo m'madzi sayansi.