Kufunika kwa sayansi, sayansi ndi chikhalidwe patsogolo m'mayiko chuma imayenera - zonse ndi udindo kulenga za sayansi ndi zomangamanga etc.

VA Pyatkin ndi kugwa

temberero yatha. Nthawi yakwana

nthawi chinyezimiro aluntha.

S. A., wolemba.

KUCHOKERA wolemba

Kumalizidwa kwa zaka za m'ma XX anali kuwonongedwa kwa USSR - boma la mlingo lonse mwa atsogoleri a sayansi ndi luso patsogolo. Aonongedwa wamphamvu chitukuko mafakitale m'munsi, na kulenga - kulenga sayansi ndi ozindikira zinthu za anthu ndi mtchalitchi chikhalidwe. zaka makumi awiri zapita tsokalo - tsoka la anthu a Russia ndi Soviet Union.

A chuma dziko ndi ntchito za mibadwo yambiri ndi malingaliro anatembenuka - anagwira chuma cha bwalo yopapatiza ya anthu, komanso zipangizo dziko yaiwisi. Anakhala maziko a zonse chuma katundu-gwero ofotokoza Mudali kanthu kukweza ndi citukuko - ndi patsogolo yekha ndi patsogolo yekha. mtundu wataya zochitika zawo za makolo mu sayansi, kapangidwe ndi zomangamanga zikuchitika mu makampani.

Mu njira yotchedwa kukonzanso, kwa zaka makumi awiri sizinachitike ndi sizikanakhoza kuchitika chilichonse kwambiri kwa chitukuko cha chuma kumabungwewa. Mu kudandaula yekha zofuna za eni lalikulu chongopeka analenga, kufuna chuma malire. Ikufotokoza kugwa - kwambiri stratification ndi kukula kwa mitundu anthu, chikhalidwe.

N'chifukwa chiyani zimenezo? Funso amayembekeza ofufuza cholinga. Kodi Mugone otsutsana anthu, ndipo pamwamba pa zonse - chifukwa chosowa kumvetsetsa magwero a dzuwa la chitukuko, nkhaniyi wakhala apakhungu kwambiri, zovuta - national.

Masiku ano Russia - Dziko la eni lalikulu ndi mabungwe kuti mtima kuchita ntchito mfundo zachuma ndi mafakitale. Ndi malamulo a usilikali kuti chitukuko cha patsogolo dziko sayansi ndi luso ndi negation ake monga zosafunika. zaka makumi awiri iwo ulembedwe yekha lathu lino zayamba kukuza buku la chuma chofunika ndi kuyang'ana ngati ntchito osakhalitsa anatumizidwa ku kubwereketsa maofesi mafakitale.

Russia - Dziko ndi zolinga ndi mfundo zawo. Soviet Union anali cholinga - sosholisimu ndi lingaliro - sayansi, luso ndi chikhalidwe patsogolo za boma - citukuko. (Udindo Wachisoni ankaimba lingaliro mpweya wa chikominisi). Kuwasintha Russia. Kodi aliyense Ena zolinga zakonzedwa? Komabe, munthu mmodzi, pali "olemera ndi olemera." Chifukwa chaichi, izo chinamulowerera zonse ndi aliyense, kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi - ndi bungweli, malonda, soda chikhalidwe, etc., anthu ntchito ndi lonse cikhalidwe ..

Nkhani wotchedwa "Chiyambi ndi kugwa." Pambuyo 2 nkhondo World, Soviet Union mwa kutsogolera sayansi ndi luso patsogolo dziko - wamphamvu. Ichi chinali chifukwa vula kuchokera m'mbuyo agrarian NTP osaphunzira Russia mphamvu amphamvu mafakitale, kugonjetsedwa kwa Hitler fascism, ndi European patsogolo mafakitale m'munsi ... Kugwa kwa Russia amayembekezeka zisinthe andale Kuzindikira mfundo zawo zinachititsa kuti kuwonongedwa kwa sayansi, akatswiri ndiponso anthu ndi mitundu mafakitale.

zokambirana zathu za kufunika kwa kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi ndi luso m'mayiko chuma imayenera - zonse ndi udindo kulenga za ntchito ya sayansi ndi zomangamanga, makamaka a kamangidwe. Kampani walephera ngakhale kumvetsetsa ntchito imeneyi. Aonongedwa zomangamanga, maphunziro, mafakitale ndi ukusokoneza chikhalidwe. Panali kusintha mibadwo. Mu moyo anthu anagwirizana achinyamata kutali sayansi ndi luso ntchito.

Izi nkhani okonza chitetezo ndi sayansi ndi zomangamanga ntchito, zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito yopuma-mmwamba minda ya makolo ya ntchito mitundu. Gululi za makumi awiri osiyana ndi womwe reused zina. Izi si kubwereza kwa maganizo olembedwa ndi osiyana kuyang'ana pa vutolo.

Nkhani akukumana achinyamata kulenga. Ndikufuna kukhulupirira kuti ndi wopanda tsankho, amaona chidziwitso chake cha lonse ndi lathu zolondola.

Kudza ndi kugwa Trends

Yofunika amaganiza chitukuko

M'ma mbuyomu - nthawi yaikulu zosokonezeka, kusintha ndi chiwonongeko, zikayenda ndi zotsika kwambiri; atsogoleri Kaleidoscope ndi Ngopambana - amphamvu, otchuka ndi ofooka kwambiri, wooneka koma wofuna, ndi zonena za exclusivity. mfundo nthawi, nayenso alibe patsinde - ulimi chikhalidwe, anakweza pamwamba pa zofuna za anthu ndi zinthu zawonongeka mfundo iliyonse ndi makhalidwe abwino. Nthawi zosaneneka zoyambitsidwa zawonongeka choonadi ndi kuvulaza anthu popanda malingaliro a anthu. Izi ndi maphunziro zowawa za mbiri ndi kubwereza zolakwika zimene taphunzira kanthu.

Events 90 ndi zaka wotsatira amafuna kumvetsa komanso kuyamikira onse. Kodi chinachitika? Kunali kofunika? Kodi Russian bizinesi? Chifukwa izo zinachitika njira iyi ndi sakanachita? Osati monga ndondomeko analonjeza, monga ambiri amayembekezera. Malinga ndi zomwe chuma kusintha? magulu ankhondo galimoto chiyani? "M'badwo uliwonse ayenera ziyenera chimene chinachitika. Timapewa ndi ziyenera moona mtima. " (Granin)

Today n'kovuta kwambiri kukambirana ndi anthu zinthu zosiyanasiyana, ziphunzitso ndi mibadwo kupeza ena kudziwa kumvetsetsa mbiri, chikhalidwe ndi zokonda dziko. maganizo uliwonse, makamaka pankhani nthawi Union, ndiye kusiyana ndi chinachake - ndi zosiyana kwambiri. Lingaliro la zinthu dziko - wasoŵa palimodzi, kuti athe. Ena ochepa motsindika akulankhula za nkhaniyi, winayo - zosiyana kwambiri. Pali mfundo popanda kutchula, akuluakulu, palibe chinthu ambiri amavomereza.

Pakuti kumvetsa zonse zofunika kudziwa mlingo wa patsogolo sayansi ndi luso mu nthawi ya pansi review, mlingo anatsimikiza ndi chuma anthu. Monga momwe atsogoleri njira kukakomana ndi zofuna za dziko ndiponso ngati lathu amenewa. kudziwa ichi chokha limayankha mafunso onse.

Kuti timvetse zimenezi zimafuna kudziwa mbiri ya STP dziko. Monga chakuti lero ananyalanyaza, glossed monga osayenera chidwi ndi kuphunzira. Tiyenera muyeso wa chonse pamodzi - njira, zochita za anthu opanga chisankho. Iye ndi munthu, mmodzi yekha, winayo sakulabadira ndipo sangakhale. Kodi udindo kapena chidwi anthu. Izi muyeso - ndi ingatithandize kuwunika zakale zimene zinachitika, zochita mfundo - zonse. iye osati kukhala zolakwika.

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, ambiri yovuta, opita kale, kutchulidwa antchito chikhalidwe. Izi si vuto lililonse "phwando." Iwo anali kulamulidwa ndi zofuna za gawo lina la anthu, mosatsata kuti chinakhazikika. Ojambula zithunzi, olemba, ndipo sanazindikire maziko a anthu atengedwa kuweruza zochitika chikhalidwe ndi njira zakale, intrusive mawonekedwe onse kutsitsimuka. Izi zachitika mobisika ndi nyengo, chitukuko lonse. Kwambiri idealized, ananyalanyaza, akukokomeza. Pokwiya ndi categorical aplomb anapanga maneno olakwika. Zonsezi zimawasokoneza anthu akufa ziwalo kumvetsa zolakwa zakale ndi zinthu zadziko.

Moscow mabwalo aluntha, amene anabwera ndondomeko lotchedwa kukonzanso, ndi yosiyanasiyana maganizo ndi luntha. Iye akutikumbutsa omanga Babele. Amadziwika mmene inatha ... Anayamba ndikondwera zoyambitsidwa yekha ndi manyazi national: "Democracy, ufulu ndi chiweruzo", "Palibe mtundu dziko zambiri amaona", "Russia - ndi zopangira mafuta, pomalizira pake ayenera kusiya njira ya Great Mphamvu", " Sale wa Russian Ufumu "(chimene ndi vumbulutso!), etc., etc. ...

heroine wina Chekhov kawirikawiri kumvetsera zonena za anthu anzeru za vuto osatha Russian, ananena kuti: "Ndikuganiza kuti pali njira, amene kachiwiri adzachotsa zonse za mafunso anu ..." Izi lingaliro konsekonse, mtundu umodzi basi, amene yosayenera luntha ndi chimene chingathe mavuto onse. Mfundo imeneyi - chitukuko cha patsogolo dziko sayansi ndi luso. N'zosadabwitsa kuti zonse mbiri yathu womangidwa lingaliro limeneli! Ife kuponderezedwa zimene wamakani ndi chidaliro anali madzi matope zakale za chilichonse popanda kuganizira.

Sayansi ndi luso patsogolo, chikhalidwe kupanga - chifukwa cha mphamvu zachuma ndi umoyo wa boma, anthu, chuma chitukuko ogwira ndi kutukuka. Mwatsoka, ili wakhala n'zodziŵika choonadi (monga likukhalira anali) Nha okonzanso. Makamaka kwa Moscow anzeru, amene amati ndi aphunzitsi wauzimu ndi makhalidwe abwino. Kwambiri wamba ndiponso zitsulo chinyengo.

M'banja NTP - dziko kalasi vzdot m'madera ambiri ndipo pa amadzibisa ambiri. Mu zaka 50 Soviet Union walandira Kuzindikila Mphamvu Wamkulu. Izi zinali makamaka chifukwa cha Luso mkulu - maphunziro asayansi ndi akatswiri. Timaika kwambiri zolinga ndi kuika patsogolo umunthu angathe kuthetsa iwo, analenga timu kwambiri akatswiri ndi njira yangwiro. Latsopano zachilendo kwambiri mavuto amene kuthetsedwa chifukwa cha kanthu ndi anthu apamwamba amadza, nzeru zawo, talente, luso adza kwa zotentheka. Panyengo zosiyanasiyana anadzazindikira zinthu zazikulu.

ndi chiyambi cha kupambana mafakitale chiyani? N'chifukwa chiyani ife mbakunda mu nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse? Potero akuyendera kukwaniritsa dziko kalasi? N'chifukwa chiyani tiyenera anapulumuka nkhondo ozizira? ... chifukwa palibe yotsika mtengo imayenera? Chifukwa njira onse zinapatsira ndi expansions yonyansa? Awa ndi mafunso ena ambiri yankho limodzi: iwo zochokera patsogolo sayansi ndi luso, kapena - alibe maziko. Ichi ndi chinthu chachikulu chitukuko cha chuma bwino mtundu.

Musaphwanye amanena kuti atsogoleri a zitsanzo. zolawa zathu, anazindikira kuchita padziko lonse. Mu zaka 50 zinachitikira uyu anali kutsogolera kuthandiza sayansi US maphunziro, ndi mapangidwe ogwira akatswiri Japan. Akatswiri Chinese katswiri kalembedwe ndi sayansi ya chitukuko Soviet (iwo opatsirana ndi kapangidwe zolembedwa, makamaka ndege zomangamanga, roketi). mabuku Scientific ndi luso tinalisindikizanso mu Chinese.

zaka makumi awiri mu Russia umboni izi zonse zokhudza mwadala kuwonongedwa monga wopanda thandizo kwa iwo, okonzanso anakankhira mu chisokonezeko. Ndi kumukana ndi lathu ngati inayamba kupangidwa mu mtima national lomaliza.

ndi chinthu zoopsa kuchita chiyani? Izi kamangidwe ndi kapangidwe ka chitukuko ndi chitukuko mafakitale. Mu njira zambiri limayamba ndi chilengedwe cha luso. Kuyambitsa kafukufuku chitukuko chitukuko kupanga mapulani ndi chitukuko cha umisiri watsopano. Kawirikawiri zingamvekere ndi makampani ena okhudzidwa, kupanga ndi nthambi zosiyanasiyana ... Zonsezi analenga yaikulu dziko munda wa ntchito kwa anthu, kwa anthu ambiri anakhala mbali ya moyo wawo ndi ntchito akatswiri.

NTP M'BANJA kapangidwe

The mzaka zana makumi awiri, kutali shagnuvshy patsogolo patsogolo luso, ndi mbiri. Anthu ali pafupi kusintha kwa chinachake qualitatively latsopano, odzitukumula. Koma pafupi zaka makumi atatu za sayansi ndi luso patsogolo nedoumiyu ndi zokhazo atsogoleri andale ndi akuluakulu a boma nzosachita ndi kunja Russia ... Tili ndi mphamvu yayikulu, anali mtengo mapulogalamu zamakono. Mu njira zambiri anatsogolera njira, anafikira ndipo anakhalabe parity mu dera asilikali, mu kulimbana ndi mayiko amphamvu ndi olimba mafakitale, choyamba - United States. Ife analowa ndi kuwakulitsa msinkhu wawo zamakono (ngakhale ndi kwanthawi a). Mbali zonse kulenga ndipo anatenga malamulo asayansi chitukuko m'madera onse mafakitale. Ndipo zodabwitsa.

Yowala ndipo ambiri mbiri yakale kwambiri magawo a dziko patsogolo sayansi ndi luso - analenga ndipo anayamba mu nthawi prewar, ndi makampani ndi kuwuka kwa dziko kalasi sayansi kuti anabweretsa adani Great kukonda dziko lako nkhondo; mu unawonongedwa nyengo -. chilengedwe ndi chitukuko cha mphamvu ya nyukiliya zida ndi danga mapulogalamu, mizere watsopano Azamlengalenga, shipbuilding, nambala ya nthambi za luso lopanga, zamagetsi, zitsulo, umagwirira, etc. Zonsezi zachitika mu nyumba kwayekha zonse (osati chifukwa chathu) cha chuma dziko .

Kuyankhula za zolakwa zakale ndi kuperewera, nawuza dongosolo ndi kuti sitinali ndi sizinayende (poyerekeza ndi West), wina Tisaiwale kuti anali mkangano (nkomwe wotchedwa ndi chiŵerengero cha mphamvu) ndi chuma cha padziko lonse, ndiwo wakhala kuwonjezekeredwa chuma cha dziko - zipangizo, mafakitale, sayansi ndiponso maphunziro. Ndi chuma cha chitukuko chamakono. Iwo kakhumi apamwamba kuposa athu. Pakuti ichi ndi mtima irreconcilably osagwirizana Soviet Union ndi kudzipatula lolimba zachuma ku West. Inde, anali zolakwa zathu - opondereza utsogoleri-lamulo, ulamuliro wa careerism bwana ndi dilettantism, wofunitsitsa phokoso "ostepenennyh" ndi caressed mphamvu anzeru, amene ndiye monga kolimba akamadandaula zonse likuphwasuka ndi kutenga ... kupereka mfundo cholinga, zinadziwika awa sikuthandiza, koma kupambana kwenikweni akuimira wapadera, ngakhale tingaganize. Palibe kukaika kuti mbiri ya dziko ndi chidwi kukula kukopa ofufuza ngati cholinga cha chitukuko anataya, chodabwitsa monga zomwe luso ndi zachikhalidwe, ndi zotsutsana ake.

The gawo la akatswiri Russian a mibadwo yonse anagwa monga ngakhale zomvetsa chisoni tsoka yowala ndipo kumakhala kwambiri,. Pokumbukira mbiri anasunga kupambana kupambana kwa kalasi lonse - kulenga luso bwino ndi zitsanzo zopanda malire: zida adani nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, ndi ndege ina ndi chida ndi danga luso, zambiri. Kumenyana muzochitika akuimira chilumba cha zomangamanga zilandiridwenso, kumene kunali osachepera ena malo lotseguka. Pamene mukuwerenga za mphamvu zodabwitsa za ndege, PO Youma, AI Mikoyan, Helicopters, ml Mile N. Kamov, pali mtima wonyada ndi kusirira. Ndi munthu yekhayo wodziwa luso adzakhala, ndi khama lalikulu zinachitika. Kumenyana makampani wakhala pansi chophimba mwachinsinsi ndi chozemba. SP Korolev pamalo wapadera pagulu. Roketi wake, malo anali mbali ya malamulo - malingaliro cha kutchuka. N'zosatheka kubisala. M'malo mwake, m'mabuku awa, zinthu zazikulu anali kuperekedwa ngati mwayi dongosolo. Zodabwitsa, iwo analandira ngakhale machitidwe otsutsana, makamaka chifukwa Titanic khama asayansi, akatswiri ndi a SP Korolev.

Kenako, mu makina m'mafakitale zomangamanga - mafakitale chisembwere freaks, metal- ndi osadalirika. Chifukwa luso lathu si angwiro? Si chifukwa tili akatswiri opusa. Kwambiri kanthu mochuluka inaperekedwa kwa akuluakulu a mabungwe ndi ideologues - idlers ndi olankhula zopanda pake, "theorists" ikuyendera. Iwo wafunsira amateurism paliponse ndipo umbuli, zamawonekedwe, kumvetsa oipa a udindo wa akatswiri monga ndiAmene wa luso ndi sayansi ndi luso patsogolo, ife mmalo iyi udindo udindo (malamulo - Akuchita), koma kwenikweni kusalidwa injiniya.

Lero, ndondomeko absurdities yekha chimakula. Wolumala ndipo anawononga mafakitale kupanga za sayansi ndi luso ntchito, moyo wa anthu. patsogolo sayansi ndi luso, zinthu zatsopano - ndi chiyambi cha kupambana mu zonse. Zikuoneka kuti mfundo zoonekeratu, koma palibe anamvetsa. Ndipo zodabwitsa. Zochitika zaposachedwapa amasonyeza kuti ndi nkhani kumvetsetsa luso ndi akatswiri ake kulenga zimene zinachitika mu zaka zao za sikisite ndi nineties, ndipo n'chiyani chikuchitikira, palibe kusiyana ... Theka la anthu wathu wakhala akugwira ntchito mwakhama mu mafakitale ndi. Mamiliyoni asayansi oyenerera komanso akatswiri m'madera ambiri zina zamakono ndinakutulutsani m'dziko kukwaniritsa mlingo lonse. Iwo anali wokonzeka akudziwa ku ziŵalo lapansi. Pakadali iwo anataya. Palibe kuyembekezera zimenezi. Yopanga anali kudwala, napempha chithandizo, ndipo ake basi ophedwa.

Pazifukwa zina zili choncho akanali chinsinsi lalikulu, sangazimvetse a utolankhani, nayenso fixated pa kupondereza anthu, zifukwa za si sakupezeka demokalase, ufulu, chilungamo, pa idealizations ndi, alibe kuchokera ku chenicheni ... The atsogoleri andale, ndi kutali