Lactic nayonso mphamvu: luso ndi zida zina zofunika. Heterofermentative lactic asidi nayonso mphamvu

Nature zimathandiza munthu apindule kuti lili. Pa nthawi yomweyo, anthu awa akuyesera kuonjezera chuma, polenga zinthu zatsopano ndi kuphunzira akadali osadziwika. Mabakiteriya - chilengedwe ting'onoting'ono chikhalidwe, omwenso amagwiritsidwa anaphunzira masuku pamutu anthu.

Koma si zoipa, pamodzi ndi njira tizilombo ndi matenda kunyamula zinthu izi prokaryotic. Iwo alinso gwero la zofunika ndondomeko mafakitale kuti ntchito ndi anthu kuyambira nthawi yakale - nayonso mphamvu. M'nkhaniyi tiona zimene ndondomeko ndi mmene kukhazikitsa yeniyeni lactic nayonso mphamvu wothandizira.

Mbiri ya chiyambi ndi ntchito ya nayonso

Kutchula koyamba za chakuti ndondomeko nayonso mphamvu yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu cholinga cha kupeza mankhwala ena, pali 5000 anali BC. Ndi pamene Ababulo anagwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi kupeza zinthu monga:

• tchizi;
• vinyo;
• yogurt ndi zina mkaka.

Kenako, monga chakudya anayamba kulandira China, Egypt, Sudan, Mexico ndipo limati ina yakale. Iwo anayamba kuphika yisiti mikate, ndiwo zamasamba thovu, zoyesayesa woyamba pa atetezedwe.

Lactic asidi nayonso mphamvu ndondomeko ntchito ndi anthu kwa zaka zikwi zambiri. Tchizi, kefir, yogurt anali mbali yofunika ya chakudya nthawi zonse. Ubwino mankhwala mukudziwa madokotala onse ndi asing'anga. Komabe, zifukwa kutembenuka zotheka wa mtundu uwu kwa nthawi yaitali osadziwika.

chakuti zinthu nayonso mphamvu amafuna kukhalapo kwa tizilombo, anthu ngakhale sanathe kuganiza. Mu pakati pa XVII m'ma Van Helmont kupereka kuti atchule akuti "nayonso mphamvu" ndondomeko yokonza chakudya, amene anatsagana ndi mpweya kusanduka. Pambuyo kusinthika, liwu limeneli limatanthauza "kuwira." Koma ndi m'zaka za m'ma XIX, kuti pafupifupi zaka mazana awiri kenako, French wasayansi, sayansi ndi wasayansi Louis Pasteur anatulukira kuti kuli dziko tizilombo, mabakiteriya.

Popeza zinadziwika kuti nayonso mphamvu osiyana amafuna pamaso pa mitundu yonse ya yaying'ono-zamoyo zosaoneka ndi maso. Kuphunzira wakonza pa nthawi kulamulira nayonso mphamvu ndi kuuika kumanja kwa munthuyu.

Akamanena za nayonso mphamvu

Ngati tiyenda pachimene ndondomeko nayonso mphamvu, m'pofunika lozani chikhalidwe chake amuzolengedwa. Ndipotu, pakati pake penipeni, ziri basi ntchito mabakiteriya kuti alandire mphamvu zawo kwa moyo, pamene osauka zosiyanasiyana-mankhwala ndi.

Ambiri, nayonso mphamvu tinganene kuti mawu amodzi - makutidwe ndi okosijeni. Anaerobic azingokhala zinthu mchikakamizo cha mabakiteriya ena, imbaenda kuna mapangidwe angapo mankhwala. Amene thunthu ndi maziko, ndipo n'chiyani chikuchitikira chifukwa, anatsimikiza ndi mtundu wa njira. Kupeza zingapo zimene mungachite nayonso mphamvu, choncho ali gulu yake kuti deta kusinthika.

Gawo

Okwana pali mitundu itatu chachikulu cha nayonso mphamvu.

1. Mowa. Ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa zimam'patsa kwa kholo molekyulu ethyl mowa, carbon dioxide, madzi ndi ATP molekyulu (mphamvu gwero). masinthidwe akutsatiridwa mchikakamizo cha tizilombo osati kokha, komanso bowa genera osiyana ndi mitundu. Mwa njira imeneyi kwa nthawi makedzana kukonzekera zakudya monga mowa, yisiti kuphika mowa. The mphamvu kuti adzamasulidwa pa kuwonongeka kwa zimam'patsa ndi, yaikulu pa njira mapulogalamu tizilombo. Kuti ndicho ndondomeko kwachilengedwenso.
2. Nayonso mphamvu asidi lactic ali makutidwe ndi okosijeni chakudya kwa asidi lactic ndi kutulutsidwa kwa chiwerengero cha byproducts. Mmene timachitira ndi ziti mlanduwo, pafupi akuonere.
3. Butyric. Mtundu wa nayonso mphamvu ndi zofunika lonse achilengedwe. Iwo ikuchitika likuvutika ntchito yofunika ya mabakiteriya butyric asidi, amene amakhala m'malo anaerobic pansi pa zithaphwi, mtsinje matope, ndi zina zotero. Chifukwa chikhalidwe cha ntchito yawo kukonzedwa yaikulu zigawo zikuluzikulu organic. Zamgululi ndi zinthu zambiri, Pakati waukulu butyric acid. Komanso wolemekezeka: acetone, mowa isopropyl, carbon dioxide, asidi acetic, asidi lactic, ethyl mowa ndi mankhwala ena.

Aliyense wa mtundu chokhazikitsidwa ndi zofunika zonse achibadwa ndi mafakitale lonse. Mitundu ya zamoyo onyamula kusinthika kotereku bwino kuphunzira kwa tsiku, ndipo ambiri a iwo nakulitsa chongopeka kuti akakhale mkulu zokolola.

Lactic nayonso mphamvu: lingaliro ambiri

Mtundu wa nayonso mphamvu ndi kuyambira nthawi yakale kwambiri. Wina okhala BC wakale Egypt ndi maiko ena anatha kupanga tchizi, Brew mowa ndi vinyo, mkate kuphika, acidify masamba ndi zipatso.

Today wapadera ntchito kupesa mkaka, chongopeka wamkulu tizilombo ta tizilombo zogwirizana. Ndondomeko modernized napita automaticity, ikuchitika ntchito zida komplektatsionnogo. Pali opanga ambiri mwachindunji opangidwa lactic nayonso mphamvu.

Akamanena za ndondomeko lonse akhoza limafotokozedwa mwachidule mu ndime zochepa.

1. Pakuti waukulu mankhwala akutengedwa zimam'patsa gwero - chosavuta (fructose, shuga, pentoses) kapena Ester (sucrose, wowuma, glycogen, etc.).
2. Amalenga anaerobic.
3. mankhwala podselyayutsya mitundu ina ya lactic mabakiteriya asidi mitundu.
4. Amatipatsa zofunika zinthu zina zonse ndi mulingo woyenera mankhwala amafuna: kuwala, kutentha, pamaso pa zigawo zina zowonjezera, kuthamanga.
5. Nditamaliza mankhwala nayonso mphamvu kumachitika ndi kusankha processing wa kugwirizana mbali.

Kumene, ichi ndi malongosoledwe ambiri zimene zikuchitika. Ndipotu nthawi zonse siteji pali zambiri zovuta zosiyanasiyana amuzolengedwa, chifukwa ndondomeko nayonso mphamvu lactic - chifukwa cha ntchito yofunika ya zamoyo.

Kuchokera pa lactic asidi nayonso mphamvu

Kuyambira mankhwala amazionera, kusinthika izi ndi mndandanda wa njira yotsatana.

1. Choyamba, kusintha gawo lapansi koyamba, i.e. mpweya unyolo zimasiyanasiyana mankhwala (zimam'patsa). Apa tikutengegeredwa ku intermediates ndithu chikhalidwe chosiyana, ndi a magulu osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, ngati gwero gawo lapansi - shuga, ndi kuwayalanso kuti gluconic acid.
2. zochita Redox limodzi ndi kumasulidwa mpweya, mapangidwe byproducts. Unit zofunika ndondomeko lonse ali ndi asidi lactic. Chifukwa amapangidwa ndi anasonkhanitsa m'kupita kwa nayonso mphamvu. Komabe, izi si kugwirizana okha. Choncho, pali mapangidwe tinthu asidi acetic, ethyl mowa, carbon dioxide, madzi ndi atumiki zina zina.
3. The mphamvu zokolola za ndondomeko mu mawonekedwe a mamolekyulu wa adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mmodzi shuga molekyulu ndi tinthu awiri ATP, ngati kuyambira gawo lapansi dongosolo zovuta kwambiri monga mapadi, ndiye mamolekyulu atatu a ATP. mphamvu ichi ntchito mabakiteriya asidi lactic chifukwa cha ntchito zina.

Kumene, ngati kumvetsa masinthidwe amuzolengedwa mwatsatanetsatane, m'pofunika mwachindunji onse mamolekyulu wapakatikati ndi maofesi. Monga Mwachitsanzo:

• asidi pyruvic;
• adenosine diphosphate;
• nikotinamindifosfata molekyulu monga transporter hydrogen ndi ena.

Komabe, nkhani zimenezi ayenera mwapadera komanso tiyenera kuziganizira pa kaonedwe ka sayansi, choncho sikungawononge nkhaniyi. Kupenda mosamalitsa zimene sayansi ya ulimi wa mankhwala mkaka ndi mitundu ya nayonso mphamvu zimene pansi kulingalira uko.

homofermentative nayonso

Homofermentative nayonso mphamvu asidi lactic zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito njira yapadera ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi wosiyana heterofermentative kulandira mankhwala ndi kuchuluka kwawo. Izo zikuchitika pa njira glycolytic mwa maselo a bakiteriya a. Mfundo ndi wonse kwa nayonso mphamvu mu kutembenuka kwa chakudya mu asidi lactic. The mwayi waukulu ndondomeko izi kuti zokolola za mankhwala anakhumba anali ndi zaka 90%. Only Mavesi amapita ku kugwirizana pambali.

mabakiteriya kupesa mtundu wa mitundu zotsatirazi:

• Streptococcus lactis.
• Lactobacillus casei.
• Lactobacillus acidophilus ndi ena.

zinthu zimene ena anapanga chifukwa cha nayonso mphamvu homofermentative? Ndi mankhwala monga:

• ethyl mowa;
• zidulo oyaka;
• mpweya woipa;
• asidi fumaric acid succinic.

Komabe, makampani, njira yopangira mkaka mankhwala wowawasa pafupifupi konse ntchito. Iye anakhalabe zachilengedwe siteji koyamba za glycolysis, izo zimachitika mu maselo minofu nyama ndi masewera olimbitsa kwambiri.

Technology kupanga zakudya anthu katundu anakhumba zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito gwero la chakudya, monga:

• shuga;
• sucrose;
• fructose;
• mannose;
• wowuma ndi ena.

A mabakiteriya homofermentative sangathe oxidize ambiri mankhwala awa, ntchito zawo monga zikhalidwe sitata kupanga si zotheka.

Heterofermentative lactic asidi nayonso mphamvu

Njira imeneyi ndi ndendende m'mafakitale applicable chifukwa chimene kupanga pamafunika kuika mankhwala onse mkaka, masamba zamzitini ikuchitika, pali chakudya billet silage.

Chachikulu kusiyana kwa kale anafotokoza - ndi lactic nayonso mphamvu anagwira activators kupanga chiwerengero akuluakulu mwa mankhwala. % 50 okha a shuga kukonzedwa mu mabakiteriya lactic asidi, pamene ena amapita ku mapangidwe tinthu monga:

• asidi acetic;
• glycerol;
• mpweya woipa;
• ethyl mowa ndi ena.

Kodi bwino ndi mtengo kuposa mapangidwe 90% asidi koyera lactic ndi njira homofermentative? Chinthu ndi pamene waukulu mankhwala opangidwa ndi kwambiri, umoyo wa mabakiteriya ambiri imathetsa konse. Komanso, zakudya zambiri kutaya makhalidwe kukoma amene molondola kugwirizana pambali. Mwachitsanzo, zosangalatsa fungo la masamba zamzitini operekedwa ndi asidi acetic ndi mowa Kununkhila kwa. Ngati mankhwala awa, ndipo zotsatira zake zidzakhala kuteteza yosiyana.

lactic asidi zokolola za 50% ndi okwanira kubisa chitukuko ndi kugwira ntchito kwa bowa onse extraneous ndi tizilombo mu dongosolo. Chifukwa ngakhale 1-2% chifukwa acidification amphamvu kwambiri zachilengedwe, zimene kulibe chamoyo ina iliyonse, ena kuposa mabakiteriya lactic acid. Ntchito yonse ikuchitika pa pentose mankwala njira.

Terms ndi njira heterofermentative nayonso mphamvu adzakhala motere:

• wabwino ndi watsopano yisiti kuti anawonjezera pa siteji koyamba;
• momwe akadakwanitsira zachilengedwe, zomwe amasankhidwa lililonse mankhwala payekha;
• apamwamba ndi zida bwino malamulo;
• zofunika zonse za ndondomeko ya zipangizo luso.

Pakati momwe zachilengedwe ziriri zofunika kwambiri ndi ndondomeko kutentha. Sitiyenera kukhala wovulaza, koma kuzizira ndipo mwadzidzidzi mbuu njira yonse ya nayonso mphamvu ya.

Today pali apadera nayonso mphamvu chotengera, amene basi amalenga zonse zofunikira kwa lolondola ndi omasuka ntchito tizilombo.

zida Pakufunika

Monga taonera pamwambapa, mwa makhalidwe ofunika kwambiri kudziŵika nayonso mphamvu chotengera. Ngati ife kulankhula za khalidwe zoweta ndondomeko, ndiye muyenera khutu ku ukhondo wa ziwiya ntchito kuteteza, kusindikiza kwa yogurt ndi mankhwala ena. Njira imodzi kukwaniritsa kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha anthu achilendo tizilombo ndi makontena yolera yotseketsa patsogolo ntchito.

Kodi cookware ndi oyenera nayonso mphamvu heterofermentative? Kungakhale Galasi kapena mapulasitiki apamwamba (polypropylene, polyethylene) chidebe chimene chingathe kukhala mwamphamvu chatsekedwa chivindikiro.

Makampani ntchito chipangizo wapadera masaka ndi ayeretsedwe chidebe pamaso pa ndondomeko nayonso mphamvu.

Mabakiteriya ntchito ndondomeko

Ngati ife kulankhula za chikhalidwe cha mabakiteriya ntchito kubala zam'chitini ndi mkaka, n'zotheka kudziwa zina mwa mitundu yofala zamoyo.

1. Acidophilus Chibugariya Bacillus.
2. Lactobacillus mitundu Sporolactobacillus inulinus.
3. Bifidobacteria.
4. Leykonostoki.
5. Lactic asidi cocci.
6. mitundu Lactobacilli L. Casei.
7. Mabakiteriya a mtundu Streptococcus ndi ena.

Mwa kaphatikizidwe ndi zikhalidwe koyera kuzindikiridwa zamoyo wapangidwa kupesa mkaka. Zilipo poyera, iwo akhoza kugula aliyense. Chinthu chofunika kwambiri ndicho kutsatira zikhalidwe za ndondomeko nayonso mphamvu kuti mupindule mankhwala chifukwa.

Kodi mankhwala amene analandira chifukwa cha mukubwadamuka izi?

Ngati ife kulankhula za mtundu wa mankhwala nayonso mphamvu akhoza zopezera mothandizidwa ndi mabakiteriya lactic asidi, n'zotheka dzina ochepa magulu akuluakulu.

1. Mkaka kotunga (thovu yakeyi mkaka, yogurt, Varentsov, yogurt, kanyumba tchizi, kirimu wowawasa, batala, acidophilic mankhwala, etc.).
2. Chakudya nkhokwezi nyama ulimi.
3. asidi Lactic, amene ntchito popanga zakumwa zoziziritsa kukhosi, khungu tsitsi ndi zina zotero.
4. Kuphika, tchizi kupanga.
5. Kumalongeza zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba.

Zonse izi zikuchitikadi kufunika kwa mitundu ina ya mabakiteriya miyoyo ya anthu, ntchito zawo mafakitale.