Mafuta: kapangidwe, ntchito, katundu, magwero thupi

The Gawo maselo amoyo onse - mapuloteni, mafuta ndi chakudya. Kapangidwe, ntchito ndi katundu wa mankhwala awa kupereka ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya zamoyo padziko lathuli.

Mafuta chilengedwe organic mankhwala , esters wodzala glycerine ndi mafuta zidulo ndi maziko a. Iwo ali gulu la lipids. mankhwala awa ndi chiwerengero cha ntchito zofunika za thupi ndi kofunika kwambiri chigawo chimodzi zakudya anthu.

Gawo

Mafuta, kapangidwe ndi katundu amene amakulolani kupiphatisa chakudya, ogaŵikana nyama ndi masamba m'chilengedwe. Yotsirizira akutchedwa mafuta. Chifukwa okhutira mkulu wa unsaturated mafuta zidulo amakhalira ndi madzi. Kupatulapo - mafuta kanjedza.

Ndi kukhalapo zidulo ena, lipids anapambulwa pa zimalimbikitsa (stearic asidi, asidi palmitic) kapena unsaturated (oleic asidi, arachidonic, linoleic, palmitoleic, linoleic).

kapangidwe

Kapangidwe ka mafuta ndi triglycerides zovuta ndi zinthu lipoid. Yotsirizira ndi phospholipid mankhwala, ndipo sterols. Triglyceride - Ester pawiri la glycerin ndi asidi mafuta kapangidwe ndi makhalidwe amene anatsimikiza ndi katundu wa mafuta.

Kapangidwe ka tinthu mafuta mu mawonekedwe ambiri asonyeza mfundo:

CH2-OˉCO-R '

ine

Cho-NKHA-R '

ine

CH2-OˉCO-R '' ',

Imene R - asidi mafuta kwakukulu.

Kapangidwe ndi kapangidwe ka mafuta mu dongosolo yake atatu unbranched kwakukulu ndi chiwerengero cha maatomu mpweya. Zimalimbikitsa mafuta zidulo kawirikawiri anapereka stearic ndi palmitic, unsaturated - linoleic, linolenic ndi oleic.

katundu

Mafuta, kapangidwe ndi katundu amene atsimikiziridwa ndi kukhalapo kwa zimalimbikitsa ndi unsaturated mafuta zidulo, ndi maonekedwe ndi mankhwala. Iwo samva ndi madzi, koma kwathunthu linakwiriridwa mu mankhwala ndiponso. Saponified (hydrolyzed) ngati steamed, ndi asidi mchere kapena soda. Pa anachita zimenezi kumachititsa zidulo mafuta kapena salt awo ndi glycerol. emulsion The aumbike pambuyo yogwira mtima wolimba ndi madzi, Chitsanzo cha zimenezi ndi mkaka.

Mafuta pafupifupi wofanana ndi mtengo mphamvu ya 9,1 kcal / g kapena 38 J / g. Ngati timamasulira mfundo izi mu zizindikiro thupi, mphamvu linatuluka pa mlingo wa 1 g wa mafuta, adzakhala mokwanira kuti akweza 1 mita katundu yolemera makilogalamu 3900.

Mafuta ndi dongosolo lawo maselo Mzimuyo katundu pamoyo, mkulu wa mowa mphamvu, poyerekeza ndi chakudya kapena mapuloteni. Complete makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa 1 g wa mafuta amasulidwe madzi ndi mpweya akutsatiridwa ndi kawiri linanena bungwe mphamvu ya kuyaka dzuwa. Pakuti lipolysis chofunika wina kuchuluka kwa chakudya ndi mpweya.

Anthu ndi mafuta ena nyama - mmodzi wa ogulitsa zofunika kwambiri mphamvu. Kuti limbikirani mu intestine, ndi kofunika emulsification mwa mchere ya ndulu acid.

ntchito

Mu nyama mafuta kusewera yofunika, kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya mankhwala amenewa ziwalo ndi machitidwe ndi matanthauzo osiyana:

1. kotunga mphamvu. Izi ntchito - zazikulu mafuta. Chifukwa okhutira mkulu mphamvu, ndi katundu bwino za "mafuta". M'matangadza ndi chifukwa mafunsidwe mu mawonekedwe a madipoziti.
2. Chitetezo. Adipose minofu uzikuta matupi chotero musalole choipa awo ndi concussion, iodzafewa ndipo kuyamwa zotsatira kunja.
3. Matenthedwe kutchinjiriza. Mafuta ndi otsika matenthedwe madutsidwe, choncho kusunga kutentha kwa thupi ndi kumuteteza ku hypothermia.

Kuwonjezera ntchitozo zitatu, mafuta kuchita angapo payekha. mankhwala awa kukhalabe ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya maselo Mwachitsanzo, kupereka elasticity ndi khungu labwino bwino ubongo ntchito. maselo Membranous ndi organelles subcellular kusunga dongosolo zawo ndi kugwirira ntchito chifukwa cha nawo mafuta. Mavitamini A, D, E ndi K angathe kukhala yekha pamaso pawo. Growth, chitukuko ndi ntchito yobereka ndi kwakukulukulu amadalira kukhalapo kwa mafuta.

kufunika thupi

Pafupifupi gawo limodzi la ndalama mphamvu thupi amapanga mafuta, amene dongosolo zimathandiza kuthetsa vutoli ngati ife kukonza zakudya. Yowerengera lamulo tsiku amaganizira mtundu wa ntchito ndi zaka munthuyo. Choncho, ambiri mafuta ndi koyenera kuti achinyamata amene amatsogolera moyo yogwira ntchito, monga othamanga kapena amuna zikugwira ntchito yakalavulagaga thupi. Pamene moyo wongokhala kapena ndingaliro chidzalo cha nambala ayenera kuchepetsedwa kupewa kunenepa ndi mavuto ena.

M'pofunikanso kuganizira kapangidwe ka mafuta. Chapadera kwambiri ndi chiŵerengero zidulo unsaturated ndi zimalimbikitsa. Nkhani yomaliza ya mowa kwambiri a kagayidwe mafuta kusokoneza kugwira ntchito pa mundawo m'mimba, kumaonjezera kuthekera zosayembekezereka wa atherosclerosis. zidulo Unsaturated ufalikire: kubwezeretsa kagayidwe wabwinobwino, kuchotsa mafuta. Koma nkhanza zimabweretsa kudzimbidwa, maonekedwe a miyala ndulu ndi kapepala excretory.

magwero

Pafupifupi onse zakudya muli mafuta, kuwalimbikitsa mu ndondomeko angakhale osiyana. The kuchotserapo ndi masamba, zipatso, mowa, uchi ndi ena. Zamgululi anawagawa:

• Mnthawi (magalamu 40 kapena zambiri pa magalamu 100 a mankhwala). gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo batala, margarine, mafuta anyama, nyama mafuta, mitundu ina ya sausages, mtedza ndi ena.
• Avereji ya mafuta okhutira (20 mpaka 40 ga pa 100 ga mankhwala). Gulu ankayimiridwa zonona, mafuta wowawasa kirimu kanyumba tchizi, mitundu yambiri ya tchizi, sausages, nyama, tsekwe, chocolate, makeke, halvah ndi maswiti ena.
• Low-mafuta (magalamu 20 kapena kuchepera pa 100 ga mankhwala). Zikuphatikizapo: mpunga, buckwheat, nyemba, nyemba, mkate, nkhuku, mazira, nsomba, bowa, mankhwala ambiri mkaka ndi ena.

Chofunikanso ndi kapangidwe ka mafuta mankhwala, yosonyeza ngati asidi ina. Pa mfundo imeneyi, iwo akhoza zimalimbikitsa, unsaturated ndi polyunsaturated. Choyamba anapeza mankhwala nyama, mafuta anyama, chocolate, mafuta anasungunuka, mafuta kanjedza, mafuta kokonati ndi batala. The zidulo unsaturated alipo mu nyama nkhuku azitona, cashew, chiponde, mafuta. Polyunsaturated - walnuts, amondi, mtedza, mbeu, nsomba komanso mu mpendadzuwa, flaxseed, rapeseed, chimanga, cottonseed ndi mafuta soya.

kadyedwe

Features ya kapangidwe ka mafuta ayenera kutsatira malamulo pamene kukafola zakudya. Akatswiri a zakudya amati iwo amatsatira ubwenzi zotsatirazi:

• Monounsaturated - hafu ya kuchuluka okwana mafuta;
• Polyunsaturated - kotala;
• Zimalimbikitsa - kotala.

Pankhaniyi, masamba mafuta ayenera amapanga pafupifupi 40% ya zakudya, ndi nyama - 60-70%. anthu okalamba amafunika kuonjezera chiwerengero cha choyamba 60%.

Kuchepetsa kapena kupatula kwa chakudya ayenera transfats. Iwo ankagwiritsa ntchito kupanga sauces, mayonesi, mankhwala Confectionery. mafuta zovulaza pansi kutentha ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni. Angapezeke mu batala French, tchipisi mbatata, donuts, mapayi ndi zina zotero. D. Kuchokera mndandanda wonse wa mankhwala owopsa yokonza zomwe zinachitika pa rancid kapena nthawi zambiri mafuta ntchito.

zothandiza khalidwe

Mafuta, dongosolo limene lili pafupi theka la mphamvu zonse za thupi, ndi zinthu zingapo zochititsa zothandiza:

• Mafuta kumathandiza kuti zimam'patsa kagayidwe bwino ndipo amapereka kaphatikizidwe wa mankhwala ofunika - muulamuliro wake umatulutsa adrenal steroid mahomoni;
• pafupifupi 30% ya kutentha opangidwa m'thupi la munthu bulauni mafuta minofu ili mu khosi ndi kumbuyo chapamwamba;
• akatumbu ndi galu refractory mafuta, zakuchiritsa nthenda kupuma, kuphatikizapo TB ya zotupa za m'mapapo;
• phospholipid ndi glyukolipidnye mankhwala aphatikizidwa zimakhala onse, ndi apanga mu ziwalo m'mimba ndi kutsutsa mapangidwe mafuta mipukutuyi kukhalabe ntchito chiwindi;
• zikomo phosphatides ndi sterols imayendetsedwa ndi zonse ndizosowa zikuchokera cytoplasmic ya maselo mantha dongosolo, ndipo apanga vitamini D.

Choncho, mafuta ndi yofunika kwambiri chigawo chimodzi zakudya anthu.

Owonjezera ndi kuperewera

Mafuta, kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya mankhwala awa ndi opindulitsa yekha ndi mowa zolimbitsa. zotsala kumawathandiza kunenepa - vuto zogwirizana ndi mayiko ena onse otukuka. matenda zimabweretsa kulemera kuchuluka thupi, kuchepa mu kuyenda ndi kuwonongeka thanzi. Iwo kumaonjezera ngozi ya atherosclerosis, mtima ischemia, matenda oopsa. Kunenepa ndipo zotsatira zake zambiri kuposa matenda ena amapha.

Chakuchepa kwa mafuta mu chakudya kumathandiza kuti kuwonongeka kwa khungu, kubweza pansi kukula ndi chitukuko cha thupi la mwanayo, amasokoneza kugwira ntchito ziwalo zoberekera, zina ndi mafuta kagayidwe wabwinobwino, kuchititsa atherosclerosis, impairs ubongo ndi mantha dongosolo ambiri.

Yoyenera dongosolo zakudya, amaganizira zofuna za chamoyo mu mafuta kungathandize matenda ambiri ndi kusintha khalidwe la moyo. Nkofunikira zolimbitsa mowa awo, popanda owonjezera ndipo akusowa.