Katundu ndi kapangidwe ka chakudya. chakudya ntchito

Kwa thupi, komanso zina zamoyo muyenera mphamvu. Popanda, palibe otaya sangakhale njira. Ndipotu, aliyense anachita amuzolengedwa, ndondomeko iliyonse enzymatic kapena siteji ya kagayidwe akusowa mphamvu gwero.

Choncho mtengo wa katundu, kupereka thupi mphamvu moyo, ndi lalikulu kwambiri komanso wofunika. Chavuta ndi chiyani? Chakudya, mapuloteni, mafuta. Kapangidwe ya aliyense wa iwo ndi osiyana, iwo ali kwathunthu magulu osiyanasiyana a anthu ndi mankhwala, koma imodzi mwa ntchito zawo ndi zofanana - kupereka thupi ndi mphamvu zofunika pa moyo. Taonani gulu la zinthu zotsatirazi - chakudya.

gulu la chakudya

Kapangidwe ndi kapangidwe ka chakudya kuchokera kutsegula awo kumatanthauza ndi dzina lawo. Ndipotu, magwero oyambirira izo ankaganiza kuti ndi gulu lotero la mankhwala omwe alipo mu kapangidwe ka atomu mpweya amakondanso mamolekyulu madzi.

A kusanthula bwino, komanso mfundo anapeza pa zosiyanasiyana zinthu zimenezi saloledwa kutsimikizira kuti si nthumwi zonse ndi chabe. Komabe, nkhani zimenezi akadali limodzi mwa malamulo amene amasankha kapangidwe ka chakudya.

Gawo yamakono ya gulu la mankhwala chiri motere:

1. Monosaccharides (ribose, fructose, shuga ndi zina zotero).
2. Oligosaccharides (BIOS, triose).
3. Polysaccharides (wowuma, mapadi).

Komanso, chakudya onse akhoza kugawidwa mu izi magulu awiri:

• kubwezeretsa;
• si kuchepetsa.

Kapangidwe ka tinthu chakudya gulu lililonse tione.

Monosaccharides: khalidwe

gulu zikuphatikizapo chakudya onse osavuta kuti zimakhala aldehyde (aldose) kapena ketone (ketose) gulu osati oposa 10 mpweya maatomu mu dongosolo unyolo. Ngati inu mukuyang'ana pa chiwerengero cha maatomu mu unyolo waukulu, monosaccharides akhoza kugawidwa:

• triose (glyceraldehyde);
• tetroses (erythrulose, erythrose);
• pentose (ribose ndi deoxyribose);
• hexoses (shuga, fructose).

nthumwi zina zonse si wofunika kwambiri kwa thupi monga zalembedwa.

Features ya kapangidwe ka tinthu

Mu dongosolo monosaccharides akhoza ankayimiridwa ngati unyolo, ndipo mu mawonekedwe a zimam'patsa ozungulira. Kodi zimenezi zimachitika? Chinthu ndi chapakati mpweya atomu mu pawiri ndi malo asymmetric padziko limene molekyulu mu njira akhoza atembenuza. Popeza kupanga isomers kuwala monosaccharides L- ndi D-mitundu. Mu shuga izi chilinganizo opezeka mu mawonekedwe a unyolo molunjika, akhoza maganizo kumvetsa aldehyde gulu (kapena ketone) ndi falitsani mpaka ku mpira. Kupeza ofanana ozungulira chilinganizo.

Kapangidwe mankhwala angapo a chakudya monosaccharides wosavuta: chiwerengero cha maatomu mpweya kupanga unyolo kapena mphete, omwe ndi osiyana kapena imakonzedwa mbali imodzi ya magulu hydroxyl ndipo maatomu wa hydrogen. Ngati onse a dzina lomweli mbali imodzi ya kapangidwe, ndiye D-isomer aumbike, ngati osiyana interleaved mzake - ndiye L-isomer. Ngati ife kulemba chilinganizo Woimilirako ambiri a ambiri monosaccharides shuga mu mawonekedwe maselo, izo ndi mawonekedwe: C ₆ H ₁₂ O _6. Ndiponso, mbiri umalimbikitsa kapangidwe ndi fructose, nayenso. Pajatu monosaccharides awiri mankhwala - structural isomers. Shuga - aldegidospirt, fructose - Cetoalcohol.

Kapangidwe ndi katundu angapo a chakudya monosaccharides n'zogwirizana. Ndipotu, chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa magulu aldehyde ndi ketone mu zikuchokera kapangidwe ndi iwo a aldehyde ndi ketonospirtam kumene kumatsimikizira chikhalidwe chawo mankhwala ndi zimene imene iwo akhoza kujowina.

Choncho, shuga akusonyeza katundu zotsatirazi:

1. Zimene chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa magulu carbonyl:

• Makutidwe ndi okosijeni - zimachitika "galasi siliva";
• ndi mwatsopano woterowu hydroxide, mkuwa (II) - asidi aldonic;
• oxidants amphamvu amatha kupanga diacids (aldarovye), wodziwonetsa chabe aldehyde koma gulu limodzi hydroxyl;
• Kuchira - ndi n'kukhala polyols.

2. molekyulu lili magulu hydroxyl ndi yoonetsa kukonza. The katundu chakudya, zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi grouping deta:

• luso alkylation - mapangidwe ethers;
• acylation - kupanga esters ;
• Mkhalidwe anachita kwa hydroxide mkuwa (II).

3. umodzi enieni katundu shuga:

• asidi butyric;
• mowa;
• lactic nayonso mphamvu.

Nchito mu thupi

Kapangidwe ndi ntchito angapo a chakudya monosaccharides umafananirako. Zapitazi, koposa zonse, kwa nawo zochita amuzolengedwa wa zamoyo moyo. Kodi anachita monosaccharides izi?

1. Maziko yopanga oligo ndi polysaccharides.
2. Pentose (ribose ndi deoxyribose) - molekyulu zofunika kwambiri kumatanthauza mapangidwe ATP, RNA, DNA. Ndipo iwo, nawonso, ogulitsa yaikulu ya cholowa chuma, mphamvu ndi zomanga thupi.
3. zimatiyika ndende ya shuga m'magazi - muyeso woona wa kuthamanga osmotic ndi kusintha kwake.

Oligosaccharides: kapangidwe

Kapangidwe ka zimam'patsa gulu yafupika ndi awiri (Diozu) kapena atatu (triose) monosaccharide mamolekyulu mu zikuchokera. Pali anthu amene zikuchokera 4, 5 kapena kuposa nyumba (10), koma ambiri ali disaccharides. Ndiko kuti, mu hydrolysis wa mankhwala awa kuwola ndinso kupanga shuga, fructose, pentoses, ndi zina zotero. Amene mankhwala mumaganiza izi? Chitsanzo chabwino - izo sucrose (wamba nzimbe shuga), lactose (Waukulu chigawo chimodzi cha mkaka), maltose, lactulose, isomalt.

Kapangidwe ka zino chakudya mankhwala ali mbali zotsatirazi:

1. Chilinganizo ambiri a mitundu maselo: C ₁₂ H ₂₂ O _11.
2. Ziwiri zofanana kapena zosiyana monosaccharide zotsalira mu dongosolo disaccharide ali cholukanalukana mwa mlatho glycoside. Pa chikhalidwe cha pawiri kudzadalira mphamvu kuchepetsa shuga.
3. Kuchepetsa disaccharide. Zimam'patsa Kapangidwe ka mtundu uwu ndi mapangidwe mlatho pakati pa glycosidic hydroxyl magulu aldehyde ndi hydroxyl la tinthu osiyanasiyana monosaccharides. Zikuphatikizapo maltose, lactose, ndi zina zotero.
4. Nonreducing - lililonse Mwachitsanzo sucrose - pamene mlatho aumbike pakati pa magulu hydroxyl okhawo popanda dongosolo nawo aldehyde.

Choncho, zimam'patsa dongosolo akhoza limafotokozedwa mwachidule mu mawonekedwe a chilinganizo maselo. Ngati ndi kotheka dongosolo zambiri kufalitsidwa, ndiye amaimira ntchito mawonekedwe kapena Heuorsa Fischer ziyerekezo mitunduyi. Mwachindunji, awiri ozungulira monomers (monosaccharides) kapena osiyana kapena ofanana (malingana oligosaccharide a) cholukanalukana ndi mlatho glycosidic. Pamene akumanga muyenera kuganizira kubwezeretsa luso bwino kusonyeza kugwirizana.

Zitsanzo za disaccharides mamolekyulu

Ngati ntchito ndi wofunika mu mawonekedwe a: "Onani mbali structural wa zimam'patsa" ndiye disaccharide bwino woyamba mwachindunji zimene amakhalabe wa monosaccharides ndi. N'lofala kwambiri ndi:

• sucrose - anamanga ku alpha-beta mphamvu, ndi fructose;
• zatsalira shuga - maltose;
• cellobiose - tichipeza zatsalira awiri shuga wa-D-mitundu beta;
• lactose - galactose + shuga;
• lactulose - galactose + fructose ndi zina zotero.

Ndiye, molingana ndi zatsalira zilipo iyenera kukhala yomveka bwino kwa structural chilinganizo dongosolo la glycoside mtundu mlatho.

Tanthauzo kwa zamoyo

chachikulu ndi udindo wa disaccharide, n'kofunika osati dongosolo. Ntchito ya chakudya ndi mafuta zambiri zofanana. Bukuli lili ndi mbali mphamvu. Komabe, zisonyeze kufunika kwake makamaka kwa ena disaccharides payekha.

1. Sucrose - ndiwo shuga m'thupi la munthu.
2. Lactose opezeka mu mkaka wa m'mawere wa nyama, kuphatikizapo mkazi 8%.
3. Lactulose analandira zasayansi kuti ntchito mankhwala zolinga, komanso anawonjezera kuti ulimi wa mkaka.

Aliyense disaccharide, trisaccharide ndi zina zotero anthu ndi zolengedwa zina amaloŵamo yomweyo hydrolyzed kuti monosaccharides. Mbali imeneyi ndi maziko a ntchito kalasi chakudya munthu mu yaiwisi, unaltered (Beet kapena ndodo shuga).

Polysaccharides: mbali maselo

Nchito, zikuchokera ndi dongosolo angapo a chakudya ndi wofunika zamoyo okhalapo, komanso zochitika za anthu. Choyamba, muyenera kumvetsetsa wotani chakudya ndi polysaccharides.

Pali zambiri:

• wowuma;
• glycogen;
• murein;
• glucomannan;
• mapadi;
• dextrin;
• galactomannan;
• muromin;
• pectin;
• amylose;
• chitin.

Izi si ndandanda, koma chokhacho nyama ndi zomera kwambiri. Ngati kugwira kwake "Yang'anani mbali ya kapangidwe ka angapo chakudya polysaccharides", chinthu choyamba inu ayenera kulabadira dongosolo awo okhudza malo. Ndi voluminous kwambiri, chimphona molekyulu, wopangidwa mwa mazana a mayunitsi monomer mtanda zogwirizana glycosidic mankhwala kumangigwa. Nthawi zambiri kapangidwe maselo a polysaccharides wa zimam'patsa analemba magawo.

Pali gulu ena a mamolekyu otere.

1. Gomopolisaharidy - zigwirizana yemweyo mayunitsi mobwerezabwereza za monosaccharides. Malinga monosaccharide kungakhale hexoses, pentoses, ndi zina zotero (glucans, mannans, galactans).
2. Heteropolysaccharides - popangidwa ndi mayunitsi osiyana monomer.

Mankhwala ndi liniya dongosolo okhudza malo ayenera zimachitika Mwachitsanzo, mapadi. Nthambi kapangidwe ali ambiri polysaccharides - wowuma, glycogen, chitin ndi zina zotero.

Udindo mu thupi la zamoyo

Kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya chakudya mu gulu ili ukudalira moyo wa anthu onse. Mwachitsanzo, ambabzala mu malo michere anapeza mu madera osiyana a mphukira kapena mizu wowuma. Ndiwo mphamvu nyama - pambali polysaccharides, amene anapanga ndi pogawanikana pamawere wa mphamvu zambiri.

Chakudya mu dongosolo selo ndi mbali yofunika kwambiri kwambiri. Iwo wapangidwa chitin pachikuto cha tizilombo ambiri ndiponso nkhanu, murein - selo khoma zigawo tizilombo zamkati - chomera maziko.

Kulekera zinthu thanzi chiyambi nyama - molekyulu wa glycogen, kapena monga zambiri kutchedwa, mafuta a nyama. Iye kusungidwa mu mbali za thupi ndi kumenya osati mphamvu, komanso ntchito zoteteza ndi zotsatira makina.

Zamoyo kwambiri ndi dongosolo lofunika kwambiri chakudya. Biology aliyense nyama ndi zomera ndi chotero kuti amafuna zonse mphamvu gwero, sizidzatha. Ndipo zitha kuwapatsa, ndipo koposa zonse izo ziri mu mawonekedwe a polysaccharides. Choncho, chimbudzi lathunthu 1 g wa zimam'patsa chifukwa cha njira kagayidwe kachakudya kumabweretsa amasulidwe 4.1 kcal mphamvu! Izi ndi pazipita, salinso wapereka aliyense kugwirizana chimodzi. N'chifukwa chake chakudya Payenera kukhala mu zakudya munthu kapena nyama iliyonse. Zomera komanso kudzisamalira: m'kati dzuwa iwo apanga mkati wowuma ndi kusunga.

General katundu chakudya

Kapangidwe ka mafuta, mapuloteni ndi chakudya ambiri ofanana. Ndipotu iwo ali macromolecules onse. Ngakhale ena mwa ntchito zawo ali ndi magwero ofanana. Iwo ayenera kufotokozera mwachidule za udindo ndi kufunika kwa chakudya mu moyo wa zotsalira zazomera lathuli.

1. Kapangidwe ndi kapangidwe ka chakudya zimagwiritsa ntchito iwo monga zomangila kwa chigoba cha chomera maselo, nyama ndi nembanemba bakiteriya komanso mapangidwe organelles okhudza maselo ambiri.
2. Ntchito zozitetezera. Khalidwe la zamoyo zomera ndi akuwonetseredwa mu mapangidwe spines awo, minga ndi zina zotero.
3. Pulasitiki udindo - maphunziro n'kofunika mamolekyulu zofunika (DNA, RNA, ATP ndi ena).
4. Cholandilira ntchito. Polysaccharides ndi oligosaccharides - ophunzira yogwira anasamutsidwa zoyendera selo nembanemba, "alonda" kugwira amadza.
5. Mphamvu mbali yofunika kwambiri. Imakhala pazipita mphamvu kwa onse njira okhudza maselo ambiri, komanso ntchito ya chamoyo wonse.
6. The lamulo la kuthamanga osmotic - Shuga wa M'magazi amachita akulodnoleza zimenezi.
7. Ena polysaccharides ndi nkhokwe chakudya, gwero mphamvu nyama.

Choncho, n'zoonekeratu kuti kapangidwe ka mafuta, mapuloteni ndi chakudya, ntchito zawo ndi udindo mu matupi kachitidwe zimakhala zofunika kwambiri ndipo mwachangu. Izi mamolekyulu - ndiAmene wa moyo, iwonso kusunga ndi kulimbitsa izo.

Chakudya ndi mankhwala ena macromolecular

Limatchedwanso ndi udindo wa chakudya sali mu maonekedwe ake angwiro, ndi osakaniza mamolekyulu ena. Zina ambiri, monga:

• glycosaminoglycans kapena mucopolysaccharides;
• glycoproteins.

Kapangidwe ndi katundu chakudya cha mtundu uwu ndi m'malo zovuta chifukwa cha zovuta ndi olumikiza zosiyanasiyana magulu zinchito. Udindo waukulu umenewu mamolekyulu - nawo njira zambiri moyo wa zamoyo. Nthumwi: hyaluronic asidi, chondroitin sulphate heparan, keratan sulphate ndi ena.

Palinso polysaccharides maofesi ndi tinthu zina biologically yogwira. Mwachitsanzo, lipopolysaccharides kapena glycoproteins. moyo wawo zofunika mu mapangidwe zochita immunological wa thupi, monga iwo ali mbali ya maselo a dongosolo lymphatic.