Ndi zapamwamba mipukutu ku Baghdad chiyani? Zaka kuli ndi malongosoledwe a chinthu

Kusungiramo Mipukutu ku Baghdad, umatchedwanso "Nyumba ya Nzeru." Bungweli anakhazikitsidwa apa mu masiku oyambirira a zipembedzo zambiri East - Islam, koma zinatha si choncho yaitali. Poyamba, asayansi kuno ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, amene akhoza kusonyeza Baghdad, ena kudziwa m'munda wa sayansi. Iwo anasiya pano zipambano zawo, amene anasonkhana mu mabuku ndi kumasunga tsamba kwa yosungirako zina. Pa nkhondo zonse zimene zinachitika pakati pa mphamvu pa nthawi imeneyo, ndi chuma chachikulu cha chidziwitso anawonongedwa, ndi m'mipukutu yonse yakale, analemba anzeru kuponyedwa mtsinje wa Tigirisi.

prehistory

M'nthawi ya 8, ndi Abbasid mafumu nagubuduza chigamulo pa nthawi ya Umayyads, amene analamulira m'dziko la Mesopotamia. mphamvu Capital panthawi imeneyo inali mu mzinda wa Mecca, amene anayesedwa pothawirapo Mneneri Muhammad ndi otsatira ake onse. Mphamvu zatsopano, sadzachitanso kuwina anasamukira likulu kuti Baghdad, ndi kuti kuyambira mzinda anayamba kukula pamaso pathu. Cholinga chachikulu chinali kuti Abbasids wa Baghdad "New Alexandria". Chifukwa apa anayamba kubweretsa awo kuchokera ku Ulaya ndi ku Asiya, ntchito akatswiri osiyanasiyana, asayansi, masamu ndi ofufuza. Choncho unakhazikitsidwa ngati zapamwamba mipukutu ku Baghdad, limene kwa nthawi zina munali yosavuta ya mipukutu, kukopedwa pa zinenero zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo akufa.

Masitepe oyamba dongosolo

The anayambitsa "Nyumba ya Nzeru", limene chinenero amatchedwa "Bayt al-Hikma", ndi nkhani yeniyeni ya al-Ma'mūn, amene, mosamalitsa kulankhula, ndipo anagonjetsa mzinda wa Baghdad. Mu pothawirapo nzeru zonse, analemba ganyu asayansi bwino ndi Mesopotamia omasulira amene ankagwira ntchito kumeneko usana ndi usiku. Iwo atagwira mipukutu yakale, analemba ndi nzeru ena ndi masamu kuchokera India, Greece, Italy ndi Spain. Nthawi zina inadza zolemba analengedwa ndi anthu woipitsitsawu a Kumpoto kwa Ulaya. Ntchitoyo ndi kumasulira deta izi mu Arabic, amene athana kwakukuru. Choncho Al-Mamun anaonekera laibulale ili chidziwitso cha anthu a dziko kutukuka pa nthawi imeneyo.

Development wa Nyumba ya Nzeru

Mwamwayi, nthambi yosangalatsa ya sayansi pa nthawi imeneyo masamu ndi maudindo onse akuwuka kwa izo amalanga - zakuthambo, metaphysics, umagwirira, etc., chifukwa Nyumba ya Nzeru ntchito kuyang'aniridwa wa masamu bwino - .. Al-Khwarizmi, amene amayang'anira ndi poduchival connoisseurs ena onse . Popeza asayansi onse anayamba kugwira ntchito palimodzi, zapamwamba mipukutu ku Baghdad inasanduka malo kafukufuku weniweni. Panali anachokera mitunduyi latsopano, makulidwe wobadwa mwatsopano ndi mosiyanasiyana. Pakuti zakuthambo anatsegula kwambiri mwayi pambuyo yotengedwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana kudziwa anali poyerekeza.

Pamaziko a zimene zikayenda asayansi Arab zamangidwa?

Aliyense codex, amene anagwa mu Nyumba ya Nzeru, anakhala phunziro la mosamala Aluya. Iwo makamaka anadalira ntchito za olemba ngati wotchuka chakale monga Diophantus wa Alexandria, Aristotle, Euclid, Ptolemy, Hippocrates, Dioscorides, Galen ndi ena. Zipambano za oyamba anayi asayansi afilosofi chinathandiza Aluya kuti tumphatumpha yaikulu mu masamu ndi zakuthambo. Iwo anamanga logarithms ndi algebraic dongosolo mawerengedwe, njira zosiyanasiyana zojambula ndi kachitidwe kwa kuwerengetsa madera ndi mabuku. Komanso, ndi wasayansi Arab amatamanda ndi kupezeka ngati kupitilira - ndi masamu ndi zojambula. Mtsogolo, pa kudziŵa ndi zinachitikira unachitikira kuno masamu unachokera mu Europe, limene ife tsopano ntchito. Koma anzeru atatu otsiriza zakale, zachokera anapeza mankhwala awo latsopano Arab anayamba kupanga.

Njira m'munda wa zakuthambo

Zapamwamba mipukutu ku Baghdad lilinso latsopano malo Observatory. The kutsogolera phunziro la zinthu zakuthambo kukhala chidziwitso wakale, ndi asayansi Indian amene ndaika patsogolo pa amanena kuti Earth zimenezi zimachitikanso ndi meridians. Ndi mu mzinda wa Baghdad, ofufuza Arab ntchito pa ntchito izi zakuthambo, poyesa anapangidwa kwa m'litali ya Arc 1 digiri meridian. Chionetserochi chinali bwino, popeza kuwerengetsera onse anali olondola.

Kuwonongedwa kwa Nyumba ya Nzeru

Mongol-Chitata goli, umene unachitika mu zaka za m'ma 13, ali wathunso ndi Mesopotamia. Mu 1258, February 12, m'deralo zapamwamba kwambiri mipukutu wakhala inawonongedwa ndi asilikali pansi pa utsogoleri wa Hulagu Khan. Ambiri asayansi amene anagwira ntchito pano anaphedwa, ena atengedwa ukaidi, munthu anathawa kutenga naye ena mipukutu amene anali kumeneko. Onse amene anagwa m'manja a ku Mongolia kukhetsa mwazi, Kapenanso kutenthedwa kapena kumizidwa mu madzi a mtsinje wa Tigirisi. Pali chiphunzitso kuti asayansi ena, amene anathawa ku Baghdad pa nthawi, anakakhala ku Istanbul, omwe mumagwiritsa ntchito nzeru zawo ndi kuwapatsa moyo watsopano.