Sociology - sayansi kuti amaphunzira anthu a, kugwira ntchito ndi chitukuko

Mawu "Chaanthu" amachokera ku Latin "societas" (anthu) ndi Greek mawu "hoyos" (chiphunzitso). Kuchokera pamenepa, ndizoonekeratu kuti Chaanthu - sayansi kuti amaphunzira anthu a. Tikupereka inu kuti ndizolowere gawo lino chidwi kuphunzira.

Mwachidule pa zomwe Sociology

Anthu pamisinkhu zonse za mbiri yake, kuyesera kupanga lingaliro la anthu. anzeru ambiri a masiku amakedzana analankhulapo za izo (Aristotle, Plato). Komabe, mawu akuti "Chaanthu" mu ulimi sayansi polima yekha mu 30s kwa zaka za m'ma 19. Iwo unayamba ndi Ogyust Kont, French nzeru za anthu. Sociology ngati sayansi palokha aumbike mwachangu ku Ulaya cha m'ma 19. Kwambiri intensively mu chitukuko nawo asayansi, kulemba German, French ndi English.

Woyambitsa wa Chaanthu ndi chopereka chake ndi sayansi

Ogyust Kont - munthu, chifukwa panali zikamera za khalidwe la anthu sayansi. Zaka moyo izo - 1798-1857. Iyo inali nthawi yoyamba analankhula za kufunika kuonetsetsa mu mwambo osiyana ndi kutsimikizira kufunika. Choncho panali Chaanthu. Mwachidule kufotokoza chopereka wasayansi, ife dziwani kuti nayenso ali woyamba kufotokoza njira zake ndi nkhani. Ogyust Kont ndi woyambitsa wa chiphunzitso positivism. Malinga ndi mfundo imeneyi, m'pofunika mu phunziro la zochitika zothandiza anthu kukhazikitsa maziko umboni, ofanana ndi amene ali ndi sayansi. Comte ankakhulupirira kuti Chaanthu - sayansi kuti amaphunzira anthu okha kudalira njira sayansi, mungathe kupeza wazotsatira. Mwachitsanzo, njira chidwi, mbiri yakale komanso poyerekeza kusanthula mfundo zimenezo, njira ya ntchito ziwerengero ndi zina.

Zikamera za khalidwe la anthu wachita yofunika kwambiri kuphunzira anthu. Auguste Comte akufuna njira sayansi kumvetsa mfundo zake wotsutsana zongoganizira za izo, zomwe pa nthawi anapereka metaphysics. Malinga ndi malangizo nzeru zaumunthu, chowonadi limene akukhala, aliyense wa ife ndi figment wa m'maganizo athu. Pambuyo Comte akufuna njira ya sayansi, maziko Chaanthu anaikidwa. Nthawi yomweyo anayamba kukhala ngati sayansi wazotsatira.

Redefining zili nkhani

Mpaka mapeto a 19 view m'zaka za izo, monga sayansi zofanana chikhalidwe, iye chinayambira ku mabwalo sayansi. Komabe, maphunziro amene amachitika 19 mochedwa - m'ma 20, Chaanthu chiphunzitso wakhala inakulitsidwa. Linayamba allocated, pamodzi ndi malamulo, zaziwerengero, chuma ndi zinthu zina ndi zachikhalidwe. Pa nkhani imeneyi, nkhani yofunika kwa ife, sayansi wakhala pang'onopang'ono kusintha wokhutira. Iye anayamba kuchepetsedwa kuphunzira Kukwezeleza zakakhalidwe, mbali chikhalidwe.

Chopereka Emilya Dyurkgeyma

Wasayansi woyamba amene anafotokozedwa sayansi ngati zenizeni, wosiyana sayansi ndi chikhalidwe, anali French nzeru zapamwamba Emil Dyurkgeym (zaka za moyo - 1858-1917). Zinali uyamiko kwa Iye Chaanthu idaleka kuonedwa monga ofanana ndi sayansi chilango chikhalidwe. Iye anakhala odziimira paokha, anadzuka angapo sayansi ena okhudzidwa.

The institutionalization za khalidwe la anthu ku Russia

Chikhazikitso cha Chaanthu anaikidwa m'dziko lathu patatha mu May 1918 anatengera kusamvana wa CPC. Iwo anali ananena kuti m'dera kafukufuku ndi imodzi mwa ntchito zikuluzikulu za sayansi Soviet. Mu Russia, chifukwa chaichi sociobiological Institute anakhazikitsidwa. Mu St. Petersburg University mu chaka chomwecho izo atalenga mu Russian dipatimenti sociological, lotsogoledwa ndi Pitirim Sorokin.

Mu njira ya chitukuko mu sayansi, zoweta ndi achilendo, kusankha milingo 2: zazikulu ndi microsociological.

Macro- ndi microsociology

Macrosociology - ndi kuphunzira nyumba okhudzidwa: sukulu, chikhalidwe, ndale, banja, chuma mawu a ubwenzi wawo ndi kugwira ntchito. Monga mbali ya njira imeneyi ndife anthu ankaphunzira amene mukugwira nawo nyumba chikhalidwe.

Pa mlingo wa mogwirizana kwa anthu microsociology. The nkhani yolembedwa chachikulu ichi, kuti zochitika mmadera akhoza kumvetsedwa mwa kupenda munthu ndi zolinga zake, zochita, makhalidwe, makhalidwe kudziwa mogwirizana ndi ena. Kapangidwe Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti musankhe phunziro la sayansi kuphunzira chikhalidwe ndi mabungwe chikhalidwe.

Lenin njira Marxist-

Lingaliro Marxist-Leninist adanyamuka njira ina kumvetsa mwambo chidwi ife. Sociology Model pali atatu-tiered: maphunziro wazotsatira, chiphunzitso chapadera ndi chuma mbiri. Njira imeneyi amakhala ndi chilakolako kulowa sayansi ya Marxism worldview dongosolo, kulenga kugwirizana pakati pa chuma mbiri (nzeru chikhalidwe) mosabisa zochitika sociological. Nkhani ya chilango Pankhaniyi amakhala chiphunzitso nthanthi ya Kukwezeleza zakakhalidwe. Ndiko kuti, Chaanthu ndi nzeru ndi chinthu chimodzi. Ndi bwino kuti ndi malo olakwika. Njira imeneyi ali olekanitsidwa ndi Chaanthu wa Marxism ku ndondomeko dziko la chitukuko cha nzeru za anthu.

Tili ndi chidwi chofuna sayansi sangathe kuchepetsedwa nzeru chikhalidwe, monga mbali ya njira zake kumaonekera mfundo zina ndi siyana, chilamulira chikhalidwe ndi mfundo verifiable wazotsatira. Choyamba, mbali izo sayansi ndi luso pofuna kuchiza alipo anthu mabungwe chikhalidwe, maubwenzi ndi mabungwe ngati kuti ankaphunzira Baibulo ndi thandizo deta wazotsatira.

Njira za sayansi ena Sociology

Onani kuti Comte ananena 2 mbali ya sayansi iyi:

1) kufunika kwa ntchito kuphunzira anthu njira za sayansi;

2) kugwiritsa ntchito deta zopezera ntchito.

Sociology mu kusanthula anthu amagwiritsa njira ndi ena maphunziro ena a sayansi. Choncho kugwiritsa ntchito njira zaziwerengero umathandiza kuphunzira anthu ndi zochita za anthu kugwirizana nazo. Psychological Ikufotokozanso khalidwe la anthu kugwiritsa ntchito maganizo chikhalidwe ndi zolinga. Gulu kapena njira obschnostny ndi kuphunzira khalidwe gulu la magulu, magulu ndi mabungwe. maphunziro Cultural khalidwe la munthu kudzera makhalidwe malamulo, malamulo.

Sociology dongosolo tsopano alinga kuti lili kuchuluka kwa ziphunzitso ndi mfundo zokhudzana ndi kuphunzira minda yeniyeni phunziro: chipembedzo, ankachita banja, anthu, chikhalidwe, ndi ena.

Ikuyandikira mlingo macrosociology

Kamvedwe ka anthu monga dongosolo, mwachitsanzo mlingo macrosociological, tingasiyanitsire njira ziwiri zazikulu. Ndi za kusaka zinchito.

functionalism

Choyamba chiphunzitso zinchito anatuluka mu zaka zana la 19. Ganizo njira anali Herbert Spencer (onani chithunzi pamwambapa), kuyerekeza anthu ndi zamoyo. Ngati iye, idzafotokoza ambiri -. Political, chuma, nkhondo, mankhwala, etc. Komanso, aliyense wa iwo ali ndi ntchito yeniyeni. Sociology ali wapadera yake vuto kugwirizana ndi kuphunzira ntchitozo. Mwa njira, dzina la chiphunzitso (functionalism) kuchokera pano.

Emil Dyurkgeym akufuna mfundo zambiri mu njira imeneyi. Iwo anapitiriza kukhala R. Merton, T. Parsons. Mfundo yaikulu ya functionalism zotsatirazi: anthu ndi kuwamva monga dongosolo la magawo Integrated, imene pali njira imene akuzisunga bata ake. Komanso, kufunika masinthidwe zamoyo zinachita anthu. kukhazikika kwake ndi kukhulupirika unakhazikitsidwa pa maziko a makhalidwe onsewa.

chiphunzitso cha mikangano

Monga chiphunzitso zinchito (ndi sakwanitsa) akhoza amatengedwa kuti Marxism. Komabe, kusanthula mu Chaanthu Western tiyerekeze. Popeza Marx (chithunzi lake limaoneka pamwamba) ndiwo chitukuko cha anthu ndi ankaona mkangano makalasi ndi kumulondolera pa mfundo imeneyi, lingaliro la chamoyo wake ndi chitukuko cha njira yotere kumadzulo Chaanthu wapadera dzina - chiphunzitso nkhondo. Ku maganizo a Marx, nkhondo kalasi ndi njira zake - mphamvu ya mbiri galimoto. Kuchokera pamenepa, adamtsata kufunika ziŵalo anthu pogwiritsa zingapo.

Pakati pa mbali ya malowedwe athu kwa anthu mu mawu a nkhondo mwina kudziŵika asayansi German monga R. Dahrendorf ndi Georg Simmel. Yotsirizira ankaona kuti mikangano ku kukhalako kwa chibadwa udani, amene kulimbikitsa pamene pali zipolowe zinthu. Dahrendorf ankanena kuti gwero yaikulu - mphamvu ya ena kuposa ena. Pakati pa mphamvu ndi kukhala nazo ndi opanda nkhondo.

Ikuyandikira mlingo microsociology

Mlingo wachiwiri, microsociological, amati anayamba ziphunzitso interaktsionalizma (mawu "mogwirizana" amatanthauza "yatikhudza"). Yofunika kwambiri chitukuko ankaimba Charles H. Cooley, William James, John. G. Meade, John. Dewey, H. Garfinkel. Anthu amene anayambitsa chiphunzitso interactionist ankakhulupirira kuti zimachitika pakati pa anthu akhoza kumva ntchito mphoto gulu ndi zilango - pambuyo zonsezi ndi zimene azonse anthu.

Ntchito chiphunzitso ali ndi malo apadera microsociology. Kodi yodziwika m'dera lino? Sociology - sayansi, imene udindo wa chiphunzitso anayamba akatswiri monga R. K. Merton, Ya L. Moreno, R. Linton.. Ku maganizo a kukuchititsa zimenezi, dziko chikhalidwe - zopezera statuses chikhalidwe (maudindo) kugwirizana ndi mzake. Zimafotokoza khalidwe la munthu.

Base gulu, ndi coexistence mfundo ndi sukulu

Chaanthu Scientific, kufufuza njira kunachitika anthu, limatchula izo pa zifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, pophunzira magawo a chitukuko monga maziko tikhoza kutenga chitukuko cha luso ndi mphamvu zipatso (J. Galbraith). Mu mwambo wa Marxism ku maziko a gulu la - lingaliro la mapangidwe a. Society akhoza wachinsinsi pa maziko a lalikulu chilankhulo, chipembedzo ndi ena. Tanthauzo la Chigawo chilichonse zimenezi n'kofunika kuti timvetse kuti masiku ano.

Modern Chaanthu inamangidwa kuti alipo pa ziphunzitso ofanana osiyana ndi sukulu. M'mawu ena, lingaliro la chiphunzitso chilengedwe ndi adakana. Asayansi ayamba anatsimikizira kuti njira mwankhanza sayansi kumeneko. Komabe, khalidwe lawo zimadalira adequacy wa chinyezimiro cha njira zikuchitika mmadera. Tanthauzo la njira izi kwagona kuti chodabwitsa lokha, osati mtundu wa zifukwa zake, anapatsidwa kufunika chachikulu.

Chaanthu zachuma

Izi mzere wa anthu kufufuza, imene imakhudza Khadili pa kaonedwe ka chiphunzitso zokhudza ntchito zachuma. nthumwi zake ndi Weber, Marx, Sombart, Schumpeter ndi ena Economic Chaanthu -. Ndi sayansi kuti amaphunzira ya njira anthu umoyo ndi zachuma. Iwo angavomereze kuti boma kapena misika, ndi anthu kapena mabanja. Choncho, njira zosiyanasiyana mudzasonkhanitsa ndi kusanthula deta, kuphatikizapo sociological. Economic Sociology mu chimango cha njira positivist, anamvetsa ngati sayansi kuti amaphunzira makhalidwe a magulu alionse lalikulu paphwando. Pankhaniyi, si chidwi mwa mtundu uliwonse wa khalidwe, ndi kugwirizana ndi ntchito ndi chiphaso cha ndalama ndiponso zinthu zina.

Sociology Institute (Russian Academy of Sciences)

Today mu Russia pali bungwe zofunika, kunena za Russian Academy of Sciences. Izi Institute of Sociology. cholinga chake chachikulu - kukhazikitsa zofunika kafukufuku kumunda za khalidwe la anthu, komanso zofufuza mderali. The Institute anakhazikitsidwa mu 1968. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyi ndi bungwe lalikulu la dziko lathu mu munda wa nzeru monga Chaanthu. Research ndi zofunika kwambiri. Popeza 2010, makope "Bulletin wa Institute of Sociology" - a sayansi e-magazini. Chiwerengero cha wogwila ntchito ndi za anthu 400, amene pafupifupi 300 ndodo kafukufuku. Imachitika misonkhano yosiyanasiyana, misonkhano, kuwerenga.

Komanso, Dipatimenti ya Sociology GAUGN ukugwira ntchito pa maziko a bungwe lino. Ngakhale khalidwe limeneli analembetsa ophunzira pafupifupi 20 zokha pa chaka, m'pofunika Kuganizira za anthu amene asankha malangizo a "Chaanthu".