Georg Simmel: MBIRI. The nzeru za Georga Zimmelya

The moyo nzeru zapamwamba German ndipo Katswiri, anali mwaluntha wolemera. yonena wake ndi wamavuto, koma zikayenda angapo. malingaliro ake zinali ponseponse ndipo otchuka pa moyo wake, koma kufunika kwambiri maganizo a Simmel anadza mu theka lachiwiri la zana la 20.

ubwana

Adzabadwira nzeru zapamwamba mu Berlin March 1, 1858 mu banja lalikulu la wamalonda wolemera. Childhood George anayamba ndithu zambiri, makolo amasamala ana awo, kuyesera kuwapatsa tsogolo labwino. The bambo, Myuda ndi kubadwila anatenga Chikatolika, mayi anatembenukira kwa Lutheran, omwe anali atabatizidwa ndi ana, kuphatikizapo George. asanakwanitse zaka 16 mnyamata bwinobwino kusukulu, kusonyeza patsogolo chitukuko cha masamu ndi mbiri. Zinaoneka kuti tsoka lake akuyembekezera wabizinesi lililonse, koma akufa bambo Simmel ndi George miyoyo yosinthika mu 1874. Mayi alibe mwana wamwamuna ndi mtetezi wake amakhala bwenzi la banja. Ndi ndalama yolangiza ana ndi ukulipirira kulowa ake ku yunivesite ya Berlin mphamvu ya Philosophy.

Phunziro kupanga maganizo

Yunivesite Simmel kuphunzira kwa aphunzitsi otchuka nthawi yake: Lazarus, Mommsen, Steinthal, Bastian. Kale m'masiku ake yunivesite, iye zikusonyeza maganizo ake dialectical chomwe pambuyo adzakhala chikondwerero nzeru ena monga Pitirim Sorokin, Maks Veber ndi Emil Dyurkgeym. Koma pa nthawi yomweyo, ndipo anakonza mikangano moyo yaikulu, umene kusokoneza miyoyo ya anthu ambiri a ku Ulaya nthawi imeneyo. Ndinali nazonso ndi Georg Simmel, amene yonena n'kovuta kwambiri chifukwa cha mtundu wake. Pa akamaliza maphunziro a ku yunivesite nzeru zapamwamba pofuna kuteteza nkhani yolembedwa wake digirii, koma iye anakana. chifukwa si mwachindunji otchedwa. Koma mu Berlin panthawi imeneyo anali chogwidwa ndi odana Semitism ndipo, ngakhale kuti anali Mkatolika, mtundu wake Ayuda sikunali kotheka kuti abise izo mwa chikhulupiriro. Iye anali kutchulidwa maonekedwe Ayuda ndipo kenako kangapo zinakhudza moyo. Patapita kanthawi, chifukwa cha zinafuna kupirira ndi kulimbikira, George anatha akupeza digiri, koma sakunena kuti zitseko ankafuna.

The zovuta nzeru zapamwamba German

Titamaliza yunivesite, Simmel kufunafuna malo kuphunzitsa, koma ntchito zonse iye sankalemekeza, chifukwa deta zawo. Anaikidwa pulofesa wothandizira, amene wosatenga ndalama kungakupatseni ndi kwathunthu wapangidwa zopereka ophunzira. Choncho Simmel nkhani zambiri ndipo analemba nkhani zosiyanasiyana analankhula osati m'dera maphunziro, komanso kugulu. Iye anali wogwira kwambiri, nkhani ake yodziwika ndi kupingasa, njira pachiyambi ndi chakudya chidwi. nkhani Simmel anali amphamvu, iye ankadziwa captivate omvetsera, kuganiza mokweza pa nkhani zosiyanasiyana. Iye anapitiriza bwino ophunzira ndi anzeru m'deralo kwa zaka 15 mu udindo uwu anapeza mbiri yake zina ndi mabwenzi ndi anzeru lalikulu mumsewumo, monga Maksom Veberom. Koma kwa nthawi yaitali, nzeru zapamwamba sanazindikire aakulu asayansi, Chaanthu Sichinatsitsidwe anapambana ndiye udindo wa mwambo wina ofunika. Berlin bwalo asayansi anaseka pa choyambirira wasayansi, woganiza, ndipo kumukhumudwitsa. Ngakhale anapitiriza ntchito chichezerere: kusinkhasinkha, kulemba nkhani, kupereka nkhani.

Mu 1900, Koma amalandira ndi boma kutchuka, iye anali kupereka mutu wa pulofesa aulemu, koma iye siinafike udindo ankafuna. Only mu 1914, pamapeto pake amakhala pulofesa maphunziro. Ndi nthawi iyi anali kale oposa 200 mabuku sayansi ndi otchuka. Koma malo Iye sakhala mu University anu Berlin, ndi Komiti zigawo zimene anali gwero la zinachitikira mpaka mapeto a moyo. Iye alibe anayamba ndi osankhika m'dera sayansi, ndi zaka zomalizira za moyo wake anamva kusungulumwa ndi kupatuka.

Mfundo za malamulo a moyo

Georg Simmel wosiyana m'nthawi yake yaikulu kusowa kwa amayanjana bwino kuti panopa aliyense aumunthu. mayendedwe ake anali odzaza ndi mafunde ache, ankadzifunsa zinthu zambiri, kupeza zinthu zimenezi kwa chinyezimiro nzeru zaumunthu, amene poyamba sanali chidwi anzeru. Kusowa kwa malo bwino si mokomera Simmel. Ichi chinali chifukwa china n'kovuta kusakanikirana nzeru zapamwamba wa ku mudzi wa sayansi. Koma ayamikike kupingasa izi wamaganizo, anatha kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha mitu zingapo zofunika nzeru za anthu. Mu sayansi, anthu ambiri amene ntchito timayamikira liyamba imawunikidwa patapita zaka zochepa, ndipo iyi inali Georg Simmel. Wambiri woganiza tizigwira ntchito ndi osiyanasiyana pankhani.

Nkhani yolembedwa Georga Zimmelya zoyenera Kant. Mmenemo nzeru zapamwamba anayesera kupanga lingaliro la munthu zolemba mfundo za chikhalidwe. Chiyambi cha njira ya woganiza komanso anayatsa chikoka cha Charles Darwin ndi Herbert Spencer. Pogwirizana ndi mfundo zawo Simmel anamasulira chiphunzitso cha chidziwitso, akudzizindikiritsa zachilengedwe kwachilengedwenso malo abwino. Wafilosofi chapakati vuto la maganizo ake ataona moyo wa munthu pa anthu, choncho akutchulidwa malangizo lotchedwa "nzeru za moyo". Izo zikuwamanga nzeru ndi mfundo moyo ndipo amaona malamulo waukulu mu linanena bungwe la malire kwachilengedwenso. moyo wa munthu akhoza kukhala kunja kwa zowongolera zake zachilengedwe, koma kuchepetsa vonse Sikutheka monga coarsens tanthauzo la moyo.

Nzeru za chikhalidwe cha Georga Zimmelya

Simmel mu Berlin, pamodzi ndi anthu amaganizo amodzi mwa iwo anali Weber ndi F. tenesi, unakonzedwa ndi German Society of Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe. Iye mwachangu kuganiza za chinthu, nkhani ndi dongosolo la sayansi latsopano, kukonza mfundo za chikhalidwe. Pofotokoza kampaniyo, Georg Simmel, mogwirizana chikhalidwe ndi ankayimiridwa ngati chifukwa cha kulankhula kwa anthu ambiri. Pa nthawi yomweyo iye anabweretsa mbali yaikulu ya dongosolo chikhalidwe. Pakati pawo monga chiwerengero cha ophunzira mu mogwirizana ndi (pasakhale osachepera atatu), Gona ndi pakati, ndiye mawonekedwe apamwamba a cohesion ndi malo ochezera. Zinali iye amene amalowa makope sayansi mawu akuti amatanthauza dera la kulankhulana, lomwe gulu kudziwa zake. Iye aitana mphamvu zofunika kwambiri zokhudza ndalama ndi nzeru ankacheza. Simmel amalenga gulu la mitundu ya kukhalapo chikhalidwe, ozikidwa pa mlingo wa moyandikana kapena remoteness ku "otaya moyo." Moyo limapezeka nzeru chomwecho monga zitsanzo wadera umene amayamba onse zamoyo ndi chikhalidwe.

Ulaliki wa chikhalidwe chi

Georg Simmel ndimaganiza kwambiri za njira chitukuko ndi chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe ano. Iye anazindikira kuti yaikulu galimoto mphamvu chitukuko ndalama. Iye analemba zambiri za ntchito "Philosophy ndalama" omwe anafotokoza ntchito anzawo, nawapeza zothandiza ndi zoipa zimakhudza anthu masiku ano. Iye anati, Choncho, ndalama wosakwatiwa ayenera analenga, amene angatilepheretse zotsutsana chikhalidwe. Iye ndi zimene sizikuyenda bwino za mwayi chikhalidwe cha chipembedzo ndiponso za tsogolo la chikhalidwe ano.

"Nchito ya Social Kutsutsana"

Society, malinga Simmel, maziko udani. Mogwirizana kwa anthu mmadera nthawi zimatengera mtundu wa nkhondo a. Mpikisano, ndi subordination ndi ulamuliro Chigawo cha ntchito - ndi mtundu uliwonse wa udani, zomwe ndithu kuyambitsa mikangano chikhalidwe. Simmel ankakhulupirira kuti kuyambitsa mapangidwe malamulo atsopano ndi mfundo za anthu, ali - mchitidwe yofunika ya zamoyo wa anthu. Monga nzeru zapamwamba kupeza oterewa ntchito za kusagwirizanako, wamanga kufanizitsa, anafotokoza siteji wake, zafotokozedwa njira ya kuthetsa.

mafashoni lingaliro

M'mbuyo mitundu chikhalidwe ndi maziko a nzeru, mlembiyu amene Georg Simmel. Fashion, mu maganizo ake, ndi mbali yofunika ya anthu masiku ano. Mu "nzeru mafashoni" iye kufufuza chodabwitsa cha ndondomeko chitukuko ndi anazindikira kuti zikuoneka pamodzi ndi mizinda ndi wamakono. Mu Middle Ages, Mwachitsanzo, kulibe, malinga Georg Simmel. Fashion chiphunzitso amachokera choona kuti ikukwaniritsa zosowa za aliyense payekha mwa chizindikiritso cha, amathandiza magulu atsopano chikhalidwe kupambana malo awo mmadera. Fashion - ndi chizindikiro cha magulu demokalase.

Mtengo wa sayansi mfundo Georga Zimmelya

Kufunika kwa ntchito ya Simmel sitingalephere kukambapo. Iye ni mmodzi wa omwe adayambitsa Chaanthu, limasonyeza zimayambitsa Kukwezeleza zakakhalidwe, ganizirani za udindo wa ndalama ndi mafashoni mu chikhalidwe cha anthu. Georg Simmel, nkhondo imene inakhala maziko a nzeru chikhalidwe cha theka lachiwiri la zana la 20, anasiya ntchito yaikulu pachitika chikhalidwe. Iye anali kuchita chidwi mapangidwe malangizo American za khalidwe la anthu ndipo anali nyengo yachisanu ikupita akuganiza postmodern.