Herbert Spencer: biography ndi mfundo zazikulu. Wachifilosofi wa Chingerezi ndi katswiri wa zachikhalidwe chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900

Herbert Spencer (zaka za moyo wake - 1820-1903) ndi katswiri wafilosofi wa ku England, amene akuyimira kuti zamoyo zinachita kusintha kuchokera ku zinthu zina zomwe zafala m'zaka za m'ma 1900. Anamvetsetsa nzeru zake zonse, nzeru zofanana zokhudzana ndi sayansi ndipo adapeza chigawo chonse cha chilengedwe. Izi ziri, mwa lingaliro lake, uwu ndiwo malo apamwamba kwambiri a chidziwitso, kuphatikizapo dziko lonse la malamulo. Malingana ndi Spencer, izo zimaphatikizapo kusinthika, ndiko kuti, chitukuko. Ntchito zazikulu za wolemba uyu ndi: "Psychology" (1855), "System of Synthetic Philosophy" (1862-1896), "Social Statistics" (1848).

Zaka zachinyamata za Spencer

Herbert Spencer anabadwa mu 1820, pa April 27, ku Derby. Amalume, abambo ndi agogo ake anali aphunzitsi. Herbert anali ndi thanzi labwino moti makolo ake anataya chiyembekezo mobwerezabwereza kuti mnyamatayo adzapulumuka. Ali mwana, sanasonyeze luso labwino, adaphunzira kuwerenga pokhapokha ali ndi zaka zisanu ndi zitatu, ngakhale kuti mabukuwo sanamukhudze kwambiri. Herbert Spencer anali waulesi komanso wopanda nzeru kusukulu, komanso wosamvera komanso wosamvera. Anakulira panyumbapo bambo ake, omwe ankafuna kuti mwana wake akhale ndi njira yodabwitsa komanso yodziimira. Herbert anawongolera thanzi lake chifukwa cha zochitika zathupi.

Maphunziro a Herbert Spencer

Anatumizidwa zaka 13, malinga ndi mwambo wa Chingerezi, kwa amalume chifukwa cha maphunziro. Thomas, Mbale Spencer, anali wansembe ku Bath. Anali "munthu wa ku yunivesite". Herbert, motsimikiza, anapitiriza maphunziro ake ku yunivesite ya Cambridge. Komabe, nditatsiriza maphunziro okonzekera zaka zitatu, ndinapita kunyumba. Anaganiza zopitiliza kuphunzira yekha.

Herbert Spencer sanadandaule kuti sanaphunzire maphunziro. Anapyola mu sukulu yabwino ya moyo, yomwe idapambana kuthana ndi mavuto ambiri omwe amadza kuthetsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana.

Spencer ndi injiniya

Bambo a Spencer ankafuna kuti mwana wawo akhale mphunzitsi, ndiko kuti, anatsata mapazi ake. Atalandira maphunziro a sekondale, adathandiziradi miyezi yambiri kusukulu, kumene adaphunzirapo, kwa mphunzitsi mmodzi. Spencer anawonetsa talente yophunzitsa. Koma anali wokhudzidwa kwambiri ndi sayansi zachilengedwe ndi masamu kusiyana ndi filology ndi mbiri. Choncho, pamene injiniyo idatuluka panthawi yomanga sitimayo, Herbert Spencer anavomera pempholi mosakayikira. Zolemba zake panthawiyo zinadziwika kuti iye, pamene anali kugwira ntchito yake, adajambula ndondomeko, adajambula mapu. Woganiza omwe amatikonda ife wapanga ngakhale chida chapadera ("Velocimeter"), choyenerera kuyesa liwiro la sitima.

Zomwe zimachitika Spencer monga filosofi

Kuchokera kwa afilosofi ambiri-oyamba, Herbert Spencer, amene mbiri yake ikufotokozedwa m'nkhaniyi, amasiyana ndi maganizo. Izi zimamuyandikitsa pafupi ndi Comte, yemwe anayambitsa positivism, ndi Renouvier, Watsopano Kantian, yemwe sanamalize maphunziro a zamalonda ku yunivesite. Mbali imeneyi inathandiza kwambiri pakupanga chiyambi cha filosofi ya Spencer. Koma apo panali zofooka zawo mu izi. Mwachitsanzo, iye, monga Comte, sankadziwa Chijeremani, kotero ntchito za afilosofi omwe analemba pa izo sizingathe kuwerengedwa pachiyambi. Komanso, m'zaka zoyambirira za m'ma 1900, akatswiri achijeremani sankadziwika ku England (Schelling, Fichte, Kant, etc.). Kuchokera kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1820 anthu a ku Britain amayamba kudziŵa olemba a ku Germany. Kutumiza koyamba kunali kochepa kwambiri.

Kudzikonda, ntchito zoyambirira zafilosofi

Manja a Spencer mu 1839 akulowa mu "Mfundo za Chilengedwe" Lyell. Iye amakumana ndi chiphunzitso ichi ndi chiphunzitso cha kusintha kwa moyo. Komabe Spencer ali ndi chidwi pa ntchito zomangamanga, koma zikuwonekeratu tsopano kuti satsimikiziranso za ntchitoyi. Herbert anabwerera kwawo mu 1841 ndipo adadzipereka yekha kwa zaka ziwiri. Amadziŵa bwino ntchito zapamwamba za filosofi ndikufalitsa panthaŵi yomweyi ntchito zake zoyamba - nkhani zolembedwa kuti "Nonconformist", zoperekedwa ku mafunso a malire enieni a ntchito za boma.

Herbert mu 1843-1846 akugwiranso ntchito monga injiniya, anapita ku ofesi. Iye ali ndi chidwi ndi nkhani zandale zambiri. Mayi Thomas, yemwe anali wansembe, yemwe mosiyana ndi ena a m'banja la Spencer, anali ndi maganizo akuluakulu, ndipo ankachita nawo chidwi cha kayendetsedwe ka demokarasi, komanso poyesa kuthetsa malamulo a chimanga.

"Ziwerengero za anthu"

Spencer mu 1846 akukhala wothandizira mkonzi wa Economist (sabata iliyonse). Amapeza bwino, amapereka nthawi yake yopuma kuntchito yake. Herbert akulemba "Social Statistics," momwe chitukuko cha moyo chinkawonedwa ngati pang'onopang'ono kuzindikira lingaliro laumulungu. Pambuyo pake anapeza lingaliro limeneli komanso zaumulungu. Komabe, kale lino, Spencer anagwiritsa ntchito chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko kwa moyo wa chikhalidwe.

Musati muzindikire ntchito iyi ndi akatswiri. Singles akucheza ndi Spencer ndi Ellistom, Lewis, Huxley. Ntchitoyi inamuthandizanso anthu omwe ankamukonda komanso anzake monga Hooker, Georg Grot, Stuart Mill. Kugwirizana kokha ndi Carlyle sikungatheke. Spencer wodzitamandira ndi ozizira sakanakhoza kupirira vuto lake lachisokonezo.

"Psychology"

Wofoserafi anauzira kupambana kwa ntchito yake yoyamba. Iye amafalitsa ena ambiri mu nthawi kuyambira 1848 mpaka 1858 ndipo akusinkhasinkha ndondomeko ya nkhaniyo, kukwaniritsidwa kwa zomwe iye akufuna kupereka moyo wake wonse. Spencer ikugwiritsidwa ntchito mu "Psychology" (ntchito yachiwiri, yofalitsidwa mu 1855) ponena za psychology lingaliro la chiyambi cha chirengedwe cha zamoyo ndipo limasonyeza kuti chidziwitso chachibadwa chingathe kufotokozedwa ndi munthu wosadziwika. Choncho, Darwin akuganiza kuti filosofi uyu ndi mmodzi wa omwe adakutsogolapo.

"Malingaliro"

Pang'onopang'ono, Spencer akuyamba kupanga dongosolo lake lomwe. Anayesedwa ndi chikhulupiliro cha akale ake, makamaka Mill ndi Hume, Kant akudzudzulidwa, adatsutsa kupyolera mu ndende ya Hamilton (woimira "sukulu"), komanso maganizo a Comte ndi nzeru za Schelling. Komabe, lingaliro lalikulu la dongosolo lake lafilosofi linali lingaliro la chitukuko.

"Lingaliro lachilengedwe," ntchito yake yaikulu, Herbert anadzipereka kwa zaka 36. Ntchito imeneyi inalemekeza Spencer, yemwe anali katswiri wa nzeru zapamwamba za anthu amene anakhalapo panthawiyo.

Herbert Spencer mu 1858 adasankha kulengeza kufalitsa kwazolemba. Magazini yoyamba iye amafalitsa mu 1860. M'zaka za 1860 mpaka 1863 panafika "Basic Principles." Komabe, chifukwa cha zovuta zakuthupi, bukulo silinapite patsogolo.

Zovuta zakuthupi

Spencer akuvutika ndi umphawi ndi kutaya, ali pafupi ndi umphawi. Ndikofunika kuwonjezera pa izi ntchito ya mantha yomwe inatilepheretsa kugwira ntchito. Mu 1865, filosofi akulemba momvetsa chisoni kwa owerenga kuti akukakamizika kuimitsa zotsatira zake. Patapita zaka ziwiri kuchokera pamene bambo ake a Herbert anamwalira, adalandira cholowa chochepa, chomwe chinapangitsa kuti ndalama zake zikhale bwino.

Kudziwa ndi Yumans, lofalitsidwa ku USA

Herbert Spencer panthawiyi akudziwana ndi Yumans, wa ku America amene adafalitsa ntchito zake ku USA. M'dziko lino, Herbert akudziwika kwambiri kuposa kale ku England. Zothandizira zakuthupi zimaperekedwa kwa iye ndi Yumans ndi American mafani, omwe amalola katswiri wafilosofi kuti apitirize kusindikiza mabuku ake. Kwa zaka 27, ubale wa Yumans ndi Spencer ukupitirizabe mpaka imfa yoyamba. Dzina la Herbert pang'onopang'ono limadziwika. Kufuna kwa mabuku ake kukukula. Ikukhudzana ndi kuwonongeka kwachuma mu 1875, phindu.

Spencer amapanga zaka zotsatirazi 2 akupita kumwera kwa Europe ndi America, amakhala ku London. Mu 1886, filosofiyo anakakamizika kusokoneza ntchito yake kwa zaka 4 chifukwa cha thanzi labwino. Voliyumu yotsiriza inafalitsidwa mu 1896, m'dzinja.

Herbert Spencer: mfundo zofunikira

Ntchito yake yaikulu (Synthetic Philosophy) ili ndi mabuku 10. Zimaphatikizapo "Mfundo Zenizeni", "Maziko a Psychology", "Maziko a Biology", "Foundations of Sociology". Wafilosofi amakhulupirira kuti lamulo la chisinthiko liri pa maziko a chitukuko cha dziko lonse, kuphatikizaponso magulu osiyanasiyana. Chofunika kuchokera ku "kusagwirizana kwathunthu" chimakhala chikhalidwe cha "kugwirizana kosagwirizana", ndiko kuti, kusiyanitsidwa. Lamulo ili lonse, "anatero Herbert Spencer. Kufotokozera mwachidule sikungaganizire maonekedwe onse, koma kuti adziwe koyamba ndi wafilosofi uyu ndikwanira. Spencer akuwonetsa zomwe anachita pazinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo mbiri ya anthu. Akutsutsa malingaliro aumulungu a Herbert Spencer. Sociology alibe kugwirizana ndi Mulungu. Kumvetsetsa kwake kwa kayendetsedwe ka gulu monga chiwalo chimodzi chokha ndi mbali zogwirizanitsa kumatambasulira bwalo lafukufuku wa mbiriyakale ndikukankhira mfilosofi kuti aphunzire. Malingana ndi Herbert Spencer, lamulo la kulinganana ndilo maziko a chisinthiko. Chilengedwe mu kuphwanya kulikonse kumabwereranso ku dziko lawo lakale. Ichi ndicho chikhalidwe cha Herbert Spencer. Popeza chofunikira kwambiri ndi maphunziro a anthu, chisinthiko chimachedwa. Zokhudzana ndi tsogolo sizolingana ndi Mill ndi Comte, Herbert Spencer. Maganizo ake akuluakulu adafufuzidwa mwachidule.

Wafilosofi anamwalira mu 1903, pa December 8, ku Brighton. Anakhalabe, ngakhale kuti anali ndi thanzi labwino, zaka zoposa 83.

Chiphunzitso cha Herbert Spencer chinakhala chinthu cha anthu ophunzira. Masiku ano, sitiganiziranso kapena kuiwala kuti ndi ndani amene adapezeka chifukwa cha izi kapena lingaliro limeneli. Herbert Spencer, yemwe maphunziro ake a zaumulungu ndi filosofi adathandiza kwambiri pakukula kwa malingaliro a dziko lapansi, ndi m'modzi mwa anthu opambana kwambiri m'mbiri.