Choncho, kuganiza kuti kulipo. Rene Descartes: "Ndikuganiza, choncho ndine"

Lingaliro lakuti Descartes analongosola, "Ndikuganiza, kotero, ine ndine" (pachiyambi kumveka ngati Cogito ergo sum) ndi mawu omwe adayankhulidwa koyambirira, kumbuyo kwa zaka za zana la 17. Lero, ilo limanenedwa ngati filosofi, chomwe chiri chinthu chofunikira pa lingaliro la nthawi zamakono, makamaka molondola, za kumadzulo kwazamaganizo. Mawuwa adakali otchuka m'tsogolomu. Lero, munthu aliyense wophunzira amadziwa mawu akuti "kuganiza, kuti, kukhalapo".

Maganizo a Descartes

Descartes akupereka chiweruzo ichi monga chowonadi, chotsimikizika chachikulu chomwe munthu sangathe kukayikira ndipo motero, ndi amene angamange "nyumba" ya chidziwitso chowonadi. Mtsutso uwu sayenera kutengedwa ngati chithunzi cha mtundu womwe "amaganiza kuti alipo: ndikuganiza, choncho ndikukhalapo." Chofunika cha izo, mmalo mwake, chiri chodziwika chokha, umboni wa kukhalapo monga mutu woganiza: kanthu kalikonse koganiza (ndipo, mochulukira, chidziwitso, chiwonetsero, osati kumangoganizira za kuganiza kwa cogito) amavumbulutsira munthu amene akuchita, akuganiza mwachidziwitso. Pochita chidziwitso, kudzizindikira nokha kwa phunziroli kumatanthauza: Ndikuganiza ndikupeza, ndikuwona maganizo awa, ndekha, ndikuyimirira kumbuyo ndi zomwe zikuchitika.

Kupanga zosankha

Cogito ergo sum ("kuganiza kuti kukhalako") siigwiritsidwe ntchito pa ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya Descartes, ngakhale kuti izi zapangidwa molakwika ngati zotsutsana ndi ntchito ya 1641. Descartes ankawopa kuti mawu omwe anagwiritsira ntchito ntchito yake yoyambirira idawamasulira mosiyana ndi momwe anagwiritsira ntchito pamaganizo ake. Pamene tikuyesetsa kupeŵa yankho lomveka bwino lakutanthauzira kumene kumapangitsa maonekedwe okha, popeza kuti zenizeni zenizeni zenizeni za choonadi zatanthawuzidwa, kudziwonetsera, wolemba "amaganiza kuti alipo" amachotsa gawo loyambirira la mawu omwe ali pamwambawa ndipo amachoka "Ine ndine" ("ndine" ). Iye akulemba (Kuganizira II) kuti pamene mawu akuti "Ine ndiripo", "Ndine" amatchulidwa, kapena amadziwika ndi malingaliro, chiweruzo chidzakhala chowona ngati kuli kofunikira.

Mchitidwe wokhazikika wa mawu, Ego cogito, ergo sum (mukutembenuzidwa - "Ndikuganiza, kotero ine ndiripo"), omwe tanthauzo lake tsopano, tikuyembekeza, likuwonekera kwa inu, likuwoneka ngati mkangano mu ntchito ya 1644 pansi pa mutu wakuti "Kuyamba kwa filosofi". Zalembedwa ndi Descartes mu Chilatini. Komabe, ichi si chiyambi chokha cha lingaliro "kulingalira, chotero, kukhalapo." Panali ena.

Amene adatsogoleredwa ndi Descartes, Augustine

Descartes sanangobwera pazokangana "Ndikuganiza, choncho ndilipo." Ndani ananena mawu omwewo? Timayankha. Zaka zambiri izi zisanachitike, woganiza choncho adakonzedwa ndi Augustine Wodalitsika pamutu pake ndi okayikira. Zitha kupezeka m'buku la woganiza uyu wotchedwa "Pa Mzinda wa Mulungu" (Bukhu la 11, 26). Mawuwo amveka ngati awa: Osati wogwa, sum ("Ngati ine ndikulakwitsa, ndiye, ine ndiripo").

Kusiyana pakati pa maganizo a Descartes ndi Augustine

Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa Descartes ndi Augustine, komabe, ndi zotsatira zake, zolinga ndi zomwe zikugwirizana ndi mfundo yakuti "kuganiza kuti, kukhalapo."

Augustine akuyamba malingaliro ake povomereza kuti anthu, pamene ayang'ana miyoyo yawo, amazindikira chifaniziro cha Mulungu mwa iwo wokha, chifukwa tilipo ndipo timadziwa za izo, ndipo timakonda chidziwitso chathu ndi kukhala. Lingaliro lafilosofi likufanana ndi chomwe chimatchedwa chikhalidwe chachitatu cha Mulungu. Augustine akupitiriza kulingalira kwake ponena kuti saopa kutsutsa kalikonse pa mfundo zomwe tazitchula pamwambazi ndi ophunzira omwe angathe kufunsa kuti: "Bwanji ngati mwanyengedwa?" Woganizayo akanayankha kuti ndichifukwa chake alipo. Chifukwa chakuti palibe yemwe salipo sangathe kunyengedwa.

Kuyang'ana ndi chikhulupiriro mu moyo wake, Augustine chifukwa cha kugwiritsira ntchito mfundo iyi amabwera kwa Mulungu. Mapulaneti amawoneka ndi kukayikira ndipo amadza ku chidziwitso, phunziro, lingaliro lalingaliro, lomwe chofunikira chachikulu chiri chosiyana ndi chidziwitso. Izi zikutanthauza kuti cogito yoyamba imasintha, kusintha chirichonse mwa Mulungu. Chachiwiri chimatsutsa china chirichonse. Popeza, atapeza choonadi ponena za kukhalapo kwake, munthu ayenera kugonjetsa kugonjetsa chenicheni, chosiyana ndi "I", kuyesetsa nthawi zonse panthaŵi imodzimodzi kuti ziwoneke bwino ndi zomveka.

Descartes mwiniwake adanena kusiyana kwake pakati pa mfundo yake ndi mawu a Augustine mu kalata yomvera kwa Andreas Colviou.

Kufanana kwa Chihindu "Ndikuganiza kuti ndilipo"

Ndani adanena kuti malingaliro ndi malingaliro oterowo anali ophatikizana kokha kumadzulo kumaganizo? Kummawa iwo anafikanso kumapeto omwewo. Malingaliro a SV Lobanov, Wachilengedwe cha ku Russia, lingaliro la Descartes liri mu filosofi ya ku India imodzi mwa mfundo zazikulu za kayendedwe kaumulungu - Advaita Vedanta Shankara, komanso Kashmiri Shaivism, kapena Para Advaita, amene amamutchuka kwambiri ndi Abhinavagupta. Wasayansi amakhulupirira kuti mawu awa akuyankhidwa ngati chitsimikizo choyambirira, pomwe pali wina yemwe angamange chidziwitso, chomwe ndi chodalirika.

Tanthauzo la mawu awa

Mawu akuti "ndikuganiza kuti alipo" ndi a Descartes. Pambuyo pake, akatswiri ambiri afilosofi ankagwirizana kwambiri ndi chidziwitso cha chidziwitso, ndipo anali ndi ngongole kwa iye kwambiri. Mawu awa amachititsa chidziwitso chathu kukhala chodalirika koposa ngakhale zilizonse. Ndipo, makamaka, malingaliro athu kwa ife ndi odalirika koposa maganizo a ena. Mu filosofi iliyonse, chiyambi cha Descartes ("ine ndikuganiza, kotero ine ndiri"), pali chizoloŵezi chokhalapo kwa kudzigonjera, komanso kuganizira nkhani monga chinthu chokha chomwe chingadziwike. Ngati n'kotheka kuchita izi mwa kuchotsa pa zomwe tidziwa kale za mtundu wa malingaliro.

Mu katswiri wa zaka za zana la 17, mawu oti "kuganiza" pakalipano akuphatikizapo zomwe zidzachitike pambuyo pake ndi oganiza ngati chidziwitso. Koma pa chiwonetsero cha filosofi pali kale ziphunzitso za chiphunzitso cha mtsogolo. Malingana ndi kufotokoza kwa Descartes, kuzindikira za zochita kumaperekedwa ngati chizindikiro chosiyana cha kuganiza.