Mbali potaziyamu. Kapangidwe potaziyamu. mankhwala potaziyamu

Nkhaniyi adzapatsidwa ikulongosola za potaziyamu mu mawu a sayansi zimapangidwira. Woyamba wa sayansi izi kuphunzira mawotchi katundu ndi zipangizo ndi kunja. A chachiwiri - zikuyendera mogwirizana ndi mzake - umagwirira izi. Potaziyamu - chifukwa cha mchitidwe chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi mu tebulo nthawi. Adzaupereka kwa zitsulo soda. Nkhaniyi tidzakambirana ndi E chilinganizo potassium ndi makhalidwe ake ndi zinthu zina, ndi zina zotero. D. Ndi mmodzi wa zitsulo achangu. The sayansi kuti amachita ndi kuphunzira izi ndi zina zinthu - zimapangidwira. Kalasi 8 zikuphatikizapo kuphunzira zinthu zochita kupanga ndi katundu wawo. Choncho, m'nkhani ino kukhala zothandiza ophunzira. Choncho tiyeni tiyambe.

mbali potaziyamu ku maganizo a sayansi

Ichi ndi losavuta mankhwala, zomwe m'mikhalidwe yachibadwa ali mu chikhalidwe olimba. Limatsogolera mfundo sikisite madigiri atatu Celsius. Otentha yemweyo yogwira zitsulo pamene kutentha ukufika madigiri seveni handiredi sikisite wina Celsius. Nkhani ali ndi silvery zoyera. Iwo ali zachitsulo luster. potaziyamu kachulukidwe ndi eyite sikisi hundredths magalamu pa centimeter kiyubiki. Izi ndi opepuka kwambiri zitsulo. chilinganizo potaziyamu lophweka - zilibe kupanga mamolekyulu. Nkhanizi tichipeza maatomu omwe anakonza pafupi wina ndi mnzake ndi kukhala latisi krustalo. Potaziyamu atomiki misa wofanana magalamu makumi asanu ndi anayi pa Mole. kuwuma kwake ndi otsika - izo mosavuta kudula ndi mpeni, ngati tchizi.

Potaziyamu ndi umagwirira

Kuyamba ndi kuyamba, ndi potaziyamu - mankhwala mfundo ali mkulu kwambiri ntchito mankhwala. Ngakhale kusunga panja n'zosathekadi, monga nthawi yomweyo akuyamba kuchita ndi zinthu ozungulira. Potaziyamu - mankhwala mfundo wa gulu loyamba ndi nthawi chachinayi cha tebulo nthawi. Ilo liri ndi katundu onse amene ali khalidwe la zitsulo.

Mogwirizana ndi zinthu zophweka

Zikuphatikizapo mpweya, asafe, sulfure, phosphorous, halogens (ayodini, fluorine, chlorine, bromine). Kuti, taganizirani mogwirizana potaziyamu ndi aliyense wa iwo. Mogwirizana ndi mpweya wotchedwa makutidwe ndi okosijeni. Pa linachepa mankhwala amadya oxygen ndi potaziyamu mu chiŵerengero molar mbali zinayi, chifukwa mu mapangidwe okusayidi zitsulo mu kuchuluka kwa mbali ziwiri. Zimenezi zikhoza anasonyeza mwa zotsatirazi anachita aone kuti pali: 4K + O2 = 2K2O. Pamene potaziyamu kuyaka angaone yowala violet lawi. Choncho, linachepa imatengedwa mkulu khalidwe mtima potaziyamu. Zochita ndi halogens mayina malinga ndi mayina a zinthu mankhwala ndi: izo iodized, fluorination, chlorination, bromination. Mwanjira akhoza otchulidwa Kuwonjezera anachita, kuyambira maatomu a zinthu ziwiri zosiyana amaphatikizidwa mu chimodzi. Chitsanzo cha amenewa ndondomeko ndi zimene pakati chlorine ndi potassium amene chifukwa cha mankhwala enaake zitsulo anapanga. Yokwaniritsira linachepa azitenga zigawo awiriwa - timadontho-timadontho awiri oyamba ndi mphindi imodzi. Chifukwa ndi timadontho-timadontho awiri pawiri potaziyamu. Zimenezi amalifotokoza aone kuti pali izi: 2K + = SІ2 2KSІ. Popeza asafe angapereke mankhwala potaziyamu pa kuyaka panja. Pa linachepa amadya ndi zitsulo ndi asafe mu chiŵerengero molar mbali imodzi sikisi, chifukwa cha mogwirizana zimenezi, nitride potaziyamu mu kuchuluka kwa mbali ziwiri. Izi zikhoza kukuonetsedwa aone kuti pali zotsatirazi: 6K + N2 = 2K3N. pawiri Izi ndi wakuda oyera wobiriwira. Ndi kulingalira phosphorous zitsulo ndi anachita mogwirizana ndi mfundo zofanana. Ngati timatenga timadontho-timadontho atatu a potaziyamu pa Mole wa phosphorous pa Mole kupeza phosphide. mankhwala anachita izi akhoza kulembedwa mu mawonekedwe a aone kuti pali anachita: P = 3K + K3R. Komanso, potaziyamu angathe yatikhudza ndi wa hydrogen, potero kupanga hydride. Chonchi aone kuti pali ndi angaperekedwe monga zitsanzo: 2K + H2 = 2 kN. Onse lumikiza anachita kumachitika kokha pamaso pa kutentha.

Mogwirizana ndi zinthu zovuta

Kaperekedwe potaziyamu mawu zimapangidwira ndipo kumaphatikizapo kulingalira nkhaniyi. Ndi otsutsana ndi zinthu zomwe angathe anatani ndi potaziyamu ndi madzi, zidulo, salt, oxides. Ndi onse a iwo ankaona zitsulo amachitira mosiyana.

Potaziyamu ndi madzi

Izi amafotokozera mankhwala amachitira nkhanza ndi izo. Izi ndipamene hydroxide ndi wa hydrogen. Ngati timatenga timadontho-timadontho awiri a potaziyamu ndi madzi, ndiye ife tidzatenga yofanana wa hydroxide potaziyamu ndi Mole imodzi wa hydrogen. mankhwala anachita izi zikhoza anasonyeza mwa anthu aone kuti pali zotsatirazi: 2H2O = 2K + 2KOH = H2.

Zochita ndi zidulo

Popeza potaziyamu - ndi zitsulo yogwira, ndi mosavuta displaces maatomu a hayidirojeni kwa mankhwala awo. Mwachitsanzo kukanakhala zimene zimafunika malo pakati pa thunthu pansi pa kuganizira ndi hydrochloric acid. Kukhazikitsa ake ayenera kutenga timadontho-timadontho awiri potassium ndi asidi yofanana. Chifukwa ndi mankhwala enaake potaziyamu - timadontho-timadontho awiri a haidrojini ndi - wina mol. Zimenezi akhoza olembedwa mu aone kuti pali chonchi: 2K + 2NSІ 2KSІ = + H2.

Ndipo oxides potaziyamu

Ku gulu la mankhwala zochita kupanga zitsulo yekha anatani ndi Kutentha yokulirapo. Ngati zitsulo atomu amapanga okusayidi chabe Kuwonjezera, tikulankhula za m'nkhani ino, pali zoona, kuwombola anachita. Mwachitsanzo, ngati ife timadontho-timadontho awiri a potaziyamu pa Mfuko la Cuprum okusayidi chifukwa cha zimene ankachita angathe kukonzekera ndi Mole mmodzi wa ankaona okusayidi mankhwala amafotokozera ndi cuprum koyera. Izi zikhoza tikuonera mawonekedwe a aone kuti pali izi: 2K + CuO = K2O + Cu. Pamenepa ndi pamene chionetsero wamphamvu kuchepetsa katundu wa potaziyamu.

Mogwirizana ndi zapansi

Potaziyamu amatha yatikhudza ndi hydroxides zitsulo, zomwe zili kumanja izo mu electrochemical mndandanda ntchito. Pankhaniyi timasonyeza katundu kuchepetsa. Mwachitsanzo, ngati ife timadontho-timadontho awiri a potaziyamu pa Mfuko la barium hydroxide, chifukwa M'MALO anachita timapeza zinthu monga hydroxide potaziyamu mu kuchuluka kwa timadontho-timadontho awiri ndi barium koyera (Mole) - izo precipitates. Ukufanizidwa ndi anzake mankhwala akhoza kujambula mapu ndi anthu aone kuti pali zotsatirazi: 2K + Ba (o) = 2 2KOH + Ba.

Zochita ndi salt

Pankhaniyi, potassium akadali kuwawonetsera katundu monga amphamvu kuchepetsa wothandizila. M'malo maatomu ndi mankhwala zinthu zambiri chabe, timatha kupeza zitsulo koyera. Mwachitsanzo, pamene anawonjezera kuti mankhwala enaake zotayidwa mu kuchuluka kwa timadontho-timadontho awiri timadontho-timadontho atatu a potassium chifukwa cha linachepa kupeza timadontho-timadontho atatu a mankhwala enaake potaziyamu ndi timadontho-timadontho awiri zotayidwa. Kufotokoza ndondomeko izi aone kuti pali motere: 3K + + 2AІSІ3 = 3KSІ2 2AІ.

Chisoni ndi mafuta

Ngati kuwonjezera potaziyamu zinthu aliyense organic wa gulu, komanso aithamangitse mmodzi wa maatomu wa hydrogen. Mwachitsanzo, mwa kusakaniza zitsulo ndi phunziro stearate stearin potaziyamu anapanga wa hydrogen. Nkhani chifukwa ankagwiritsa ntchito yopanga sopo madzi. Pa khalidwe ili la potaziyamu ndiponso zimene ankachita ake ndi zinthu zina akumaliza.

Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala potaziyamu ndi

Monga zitsulo ankaona mu pepala ili zingamuthandize njira zambiri mu makampani. The ntchito yaikulu ya potaziyamu akupezeka makampani mankhwala a. Chifukwa reactivity wake wapatali, zitsulo soda ndi kutchulidwa katundu reductive, amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati reagent chifukwa ankachita zambiri ndiponso yopanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Komanso, zili kasakaniza wazitsulo potaziyamu ntchito ngati coolants mu nyukiliya. Komanso m'nkhani ino, chitsulo wapeza ntchito kwake okonza magetsi. Kuwonjezera pamwambapa, ndi chimodzi mwa zigawo zikuluzikulu feteleza zomera. Komanso, mankhwala ake ntchito zosiyanasiyana mafakitale. Choncho, m'zigawo za cyanide golide potaziyamu ntchito, omwe akutumikira monga reagent kuti ayambe zitsulo zamtengo wapatali zochokera ores. Mu kupanga galasi ntchito carbonate potaziyamu. Phosphates ankaona zinthu mankhwala ndi zigawo za mitundu yonse mankhwala oyeretsera ndi ufa. Mipikisano anapatsidwa zitsulo chlorate alipo. Mu kupanga mafilimu ntchito kwa zaka kamera bromide wa mchitidwe wa. Monga mukudziwa kale, n'zotheka kuti mwa bromination wa potaziyamu mu mapangidwe mkulu kutentha. mankhwala ntchito mankhwala enaake a amafotokozera mankhwala. Sopo kupanga - stearate ndi ena ofanana ena ku mafuta.

Kukonzekera zitsulo

Masiku ano potaziyamu ncho mu Laboratories m'njira zikuluzikulu ziwiri. Origin - kubwezeretsa izo kuchokera hydroxide ndi sodium, zimene mankhwala yogwira kuposa potaziyamu. A chachiwiri - kupeza izo kuchokera enaake, komanso kudzera ndi sodium lapansi. Ngati anawonjezera kuti Mole imodzi hydroxide potaziyamu monga ndi sodium aumbike pa Mole imodzi hydroxide ndi sodium na potassium koyera. The aone kuti pali zimene ali motere: KOH + Na = NaOH + C. Pakuti zimene mtundu wachiwiri kwa kusakaniza wa mankhwala enaake zitsulo ndi sodium wochuluka mulingo ofanana molar. Chifukwa, zomangira anapanga monga khitchini mchere ndi potaziyamu mu chiŵerengero chomwecho. Kufotokoza izi zimachitika mankhwala ndi zotheka kudzera aone kuti pali uyu anachita: KSІ + Na = NaCl + K.

Kapangidwe ka potaziyamu ndi

Atomu wa zinthu mankhwala, komanso ena onse, imakhala pakati muli mapulotoni neutrons ndi ma elekitironi, amene atembenuza mozungulira icho. chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi nthawi zonse wofanana ndi chiwerengero cha mapulotoni zomwe zili mkati phata la. Ngati elekitironi aliyense lotayirira nadzaphatikizana ndi atomu, ndiye amathera Akhale osakhudza ndipo n'kukhala ion ndi. Iwo ali a mitundu iwiri: za cations ndi anions. Choyamba ndi mlandu zabwino, ndipo chachiwiri - palibe. Ngati anagwirizana kuti maatomu ndi elekitironi, izo n'kukhala anion, ndipo ngati wina wa ma elekitironi anachoka kanjira kake, ndi atomu ndale amakhala cation. Popeza potaziyamu ordinal chiwerengero tebulo malinga Mendeleev, naintini, ndi mapulotoni mu phata la zinthu mankhwala ndi chimodzimodzi. Choncho, tinganene kuti ma elekitironi padziko phata la oyenerera naintini. chiwerengero cha mapulotoni, atomu ali kukonza zingadziŵike ndi Kuchotsera ku atomiki misa ordinal chiwerengero cha amafotokozera mankhwala. Choncho tinganene kuti pali makumi awiri a mapulotoni mu phata la potaziyamu. Monga m'nkhani ino, chitsulo wa nthawi chachinayi, lili zili m'njira zinayi, imene ma elekitironi, amene nthawi zonse zoyenda imakonzedwa uniformly. chiwembu potaziyamu ali motere: kanjira loyamba awiri elekitironi, wachiwiri - eyiti; komanso wachitatu, pomaliza, wachinayi, kanjira imazungulira elekitironi imodzi yokha. Nchifukwa chake mkulu mlingo wa ntchito mankhwala zitsulo - kanjira chikutha si kwathunthu wodzazidwa, choncho amayesetsa kugwirizana ndi maatomu ina, kuchititsa ma elekitironi awo kale m'mipita wawamba.

Kodi ndingapeze chinthu ichi mu chikhalidwe?

Popeza ali kwambiri mkulu ntchito mankhwala pa dziko sanakam'peze mu chikhalidwe choyera. Izo zitha kuwoneka monga mbali zosiyanasiyana mankhwala. Misa nusu ya potaziyamu mu matanthwe a pansi padziko peresenti 2.4. Mchere ambiri, kuphatikizapo potassium - izo Salvini ndi carnallite. Woyamba ali zotsatirazi mankhwala chilinganizo: NaCl • KCl. Iwo ali mitundu variegated ndipo wapangidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa timibulu mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Malinga ndi chiŵerengero cha mankhwala enaake potaziyamu ndi sodium, komanso pamaso pa zodetsa, mwina muli chofiira, chabuluu, pinki, zigawo lalanje. Mchere chachiwiri - carnallite - amaoneka ngati mandala, wotumbululuka buluu, wotumbululuka pinki kapena timibulu wotumbululuka chikasu. chilinganizo ake mankhwala chiri motere: KCl • MgCl2 • 6H2O. Ndi crystalline hydrate.

Udindo wa potaziyamu mu thupi, kusowa kwa zizindikiro ndi kusadziletsa

Iye, pamodzi ndi sodium wochuluka kuthandiza madzi amchere bwino maselo. Komanso nawo kufala kwa mopupuluma mitsempha pakati nembanemba lapansi. Komanso, nthawi asidi-zamchere kusamala selo ndi chamoyo wonse wonse. Iwo mtsikanayu kagayidwe, ndi chindiletsa zosayembekezereka wa edema, gawo la cytoplasm wa - pafupifupi makumi asanu peresenti yake - mchere wa zitsulo. The zizindikiro zazikulu thupi silingathe potaziyamu ndi kutupa, yatsoka matenda monga hydrocephalus, irritability ndi chisokonezo wamanjenje dongosolo, chopinga anachita ndi kuwonongeka kukumbukira. Kuwonjezera apo, osakwanira kuchuluka kwa zinthu kufufuza limakhudza anthu machitidwe mtima ndi amphamvu. Potaziyamu akusowa kwa nthawi yaitali kwambiri nthawi zingachititse matenda a mtima kapena kachigawo. Koma chifukwa ndi owonjezera potaziyamu mu thupi ya khateyo zilonda m'mimba. Moyenera mphamvu zake kuti alandire chokwanira cha potassium m'pofunika kudziwa zimene mankhwala mmenemo.

Chakudya ndi okhutira mkulu wa kufufuza chinthu pansi kulingalira

Choyamba, ndi mtedza, monga cashews, walnuts, hazelnuts, mtedza, amondi. Komanso, wambirimbiri ndi mu mbatata. Komanso, potaziyamu ali zipatso zouma monga zoumba zouma apricots, prunes. Olemera mbali iyi, ndi mtedza pine. Komanso, woipa mkulu anati mu nyemba: nyemba, nsawawa, khobwe. Laminaria analinso wolemera mankhwala deta amafotokozera. Komabe mankhwala ena okhala mchitidwe mwakhama wambirimbiri, ndi tiyi wobiriwira ndi koko. Komanso, mu ndende mkulu ndipo muli zipatso zambiri monga mapeyala, nthochi, mapichesi, malalanje, mpesa, maapulo. dzinthu ambiri ali wolemera mu kufufuza chinthu pansi kulingalira. Izi makamaka barele ndi tirigu ndi buckwheat. Mu ya parsley ndi Brussels zikumera komanso ndi zambiri potaziyamu. Komanso, opezeka mu kaloti ndi vwende. Anyezi ndi adyo ndi nambala ina ya ankaona mankhwala amafotokozera. Mazira, mkaka ndi tchizi amagwiritsidwa yodziwika ndi okhutira mkulu wa potaziyamu. Daily ponseponse wa zinthu mankhwala kwa anthu pafupifupi ndi ku magalamu atatu kapena asanu.

Pomaliza

Mutawerenga nkhani ino, Ndizachidziwikire kuti potaziyamu n'chofunika kwambiri mankhwala amafotokozera. M'pofunika lithe mankhwala ambiri makampani mankhwala a. Ntchito mafakitale zina zambiri. Komanso ndikofunikira kwambiri kwa thupi, kotero ayenera nthawi zonse ndi kuchuluka ayenera kuchita ndi chakudya.