Kulankhula chikhalidwe: malamulo ndi ndizosowa

Anthu amakhala anthu, ndi kulankhulana - ndi mbali yofunika ya moyo wa munthu. Choncho, popanda nkomwe kusanduka aliyense maganizo zingatheke. Poyamba kuyesa kulankhula, ngati mukulankhula ndi mwana, amene pang'onopang'ono, mkubwela kwa chitukuko, anayamba kusintha. Panali kalata, ndipo anakhala osati mwa zolankhula komanso kulemba, amene anathandiza kusunga zomwe anthu kalekale m'mibadwo yanu. Pakuti zipilala izi zikhoza inamva ndi chitukuko cha miyambo chinenero m'kamwa. ndi kulankhula chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha mawu chiyani? miyezo awo? Kodi n'zotheka kuphunzira chikhalidwe cha mawu awo? mafunso onse adzayankha nkhaniyi.

Kodi mawu chikhalidwe?

Izo - ndi mtundu wa kulankhulana wapakamwa pakati pa anthu. Zimatengera mapangidwe ndi chiphunzitso cha maganizo, pa dzanja limodzi, ndi kuzindikira ndi kumvetsa - pa ena.

Culture - mawu ndi matanthauzo ambiri, ndi chinthu kuphunzira khalidwe ambiri. Palinso mtengo pafupi mkati tanthauzo la kulankhulana ndi kulankhula. Ndi mbali ya chikhalidwe nawo ntchito chizindikiro mawu, kutanthauza chinenero cha fuko lake, zinchito ndi chikhalidwe mitundu, ndi mawonekedwe m'kamwa ndi olembedwa.

Ndife - mbali ya moyo wa anthu, ndipo kotero iye akhoza kulankhula bwino komanso mochititsa kaso onse mu kulemba ndi pakamwa.

Choncho, malankhulidwe ndi chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha mawu - izo kukhala ndi malamulo a chinenero, luso logwiritsa ntchito njira zake akuti zosiyanasiyana zinthu.

Culture wa kulankhula, mosasamala kanthu za mtundu kulankhula zakhala zikusintha pang'onopang'ono. M'kupita kwa nthawi, panafunika dongosolo chidziwitso alipo chinenero. Choncho anaonekera zilankhulo gawo wotchedwa chikhalidwe cha mawu. gawo ikufotokoza nkhani ya normalization chinenero ndi view bwino ake.

Kodi kumanga chikhalidwe ya kulankhula?

Kulankhula chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha mawu ngati nthambi ya zilankhulo kusanduka pang'onopang'ono. Amaonetsa kusintha zonse zomwe zachitika mu chinenero. Kwa nthawi yoyamba pa kukonza malamulo kulemba akuganiza m'zaka XVIII, pamene kulikonse anazindikira kuti kusapezeka kwa malamulo yunifolomu ya kalata kumakhala kovuta kulankhulana. Mu 1748 V. K. Trediakovsky analemba za Russian kalembedwe ka ntchito yake "The kukambirana pakati pa mwamuna ndi zabodza zopezeka Russian kalembedwe wakale ndi watsopano."

Koma ndizosowa galamala ndi kalembedwe chinenero anaika M. Lermontov ntchito zake "Russian Galamala" ndi "apamwamba" (1755, 1743-1748).

M'zaka za m'ma XIX, N. V. Koshansky, AF Merzlyakov ndi A. I. Galich amathandizana ndi laibulale ya kafukufuku kulankhula ntchito yake pa apamwamba.

Akatswiri chisanadze chosintha nthawi, ankadziwa kufunika malamulo kuwerengera chinenero. Mu 1911 buku anaonekera V. I. Chernyshevskogo "Zoyera ndi lolondola Russian kulankhula. Russian Experience stylistic galamala, "zimene wolemba kusanthula malamulo a chinenero cha Chirasha.

Post-chosintha nthawi nthawi pamene kugwedezeka malamulo anakhazikitsa chikhalidwe kulankhula. Ndiye kuchita zinthu zosangalatsa anthu ambiri akuchita, kumene izo zinali yosavuta wodzaza slang ndi chilankhulo chathu. chilankhulo zolembalemba akanakhala pangozi ngati, mu 1920s, sichoncho kupanga wosanjikiza wa anzeru Soviet. Iye anamenyera chiyero cha chinenero cha Chirasha, ndipo linapatsidwa kwa unsembe, chimene "misa" unkakhala chikhalidwe proletarian. Pa nthawi yomweyo pali lingaliro la "chinenero chikhalidwe" ndi "chikhalidwe cha mawu." Maina amenewa ntchito kwa nthawi yoyamba mwachibale kwa chinenero chatsopano, kusintha.

Mu zaka lonse itatha, kulankhula chikhalidwe mwambo amatenga chida chatsopano mu chitukuko. Athandiza Kwambiri chilango anapanga SI Ozhegov monga mlembi "Dictionary wa Russian Language" ndipo E. S. Istrina monga woyambitsa "malamulo a chinenero cha Chirasha ndi chikhalidwe cha mawu."

50-60-ntchentche za m'ma XX inali nthawi ya mapangidwe kulankhula ngati chilango odzilamulira okha:

• Inasindikizidwa mu "Russian Galamala".
• Kufotokozera mfundo za sayansi kulankhula.
• Mabaibulo ndi "Dictionary wa Chirasha zolembalemba."
• Pa Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences ya cigawo USSR wa kulankhula limapezeka motsogozedwa S. I. Ozhegova. Pansi editorship wake m'magazini yotchedwa "Issues wa kulankhula."
• V. V. Vinogradov, D. E. Rosenthal ndi L. Skvortsov ntchito pa maziko ongolankhula a mafunso ena. Iwo kudzipereka ntchito zawo kulekana pakati pa mawu awiri - "Culture wa kulankhula" "chinenero chikhalidwe".

Mu 1970 chikhalidwe cha mawu amakhala mwambo paokha. Iye amapezeka nkhani, chinthu, njira ndi luso la kafukufuku wa sayansi.

Akatswiri 90s si utsalira ku akalambula ake. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XX angapo ntchito zoyenera vuto wa kulankhula.

Kukula kwa mawu ndi chikhalidwe kulankhulana wapakamwa kupitiriza kukhala limodzi mwa mavuto enieni chinenero. Today chidwi asayansi ndi akatswiri a zinenero lolunjika pa nkhani zimenezi.

• Kukhazikitsidwa kwa kugwirizana mkati pakati pa kuwuka kwa mawu chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi chitukuko cha chikhalidwe cha dziko.
• Kusintha kwa chinenero chamakono Russian, kutenga nkhani kusintha kupitirirabe izo.
• kusanthula sayansi njira zikuchitika kuchita makono polankhula.

ndi zizindikiro ndi katundu mu zikhalidwe m'kamwa chiyani?

Kulankhula chikhalidwe zilankhulo angapo katundu chosiyana ndi makhalidwe zimene zili zomveka maziko chododometsa anaphunzira:

1. Cholondola. Kulankhula mayikidwe ndi katchulidwe ndi malamulo kalembedwe ndi stylistic chinenero. Malinga ndi iwo, bwino kuika ka mawu kunena mogwirizana ndi galamala. Ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mogwirizana ndi masitayilo vuto kulankhulana.
2. Kulankhula kufunika. Kumafuna luso logwiritsa ntchito yoyenera zinthu kulankhula mawu stylistic panopa mmene anawasiyanitsira ndi mawu.
3. Kulondola mwa ziganizo. Amatanthauza zotuluka pa mawu apakamwa ndi cholondola cha mawu a mawu.
4. Kugwirizana kwa ulaliki. chinyezimiro woona mfundo zenizeni ndi ubale wawo, unali woyenerera wa kungoganizira akufuna, pamaso pa ubwino ndi kuipa ndipo mapeto, kutsimikizira kapena kutsutsa ndi kungoganizira.
5. Zikumveka ndi kugula zinthu. Zikutanthauza kuti interlocutors kulankhula intelligibility. cholinga chingapezeke mwa kugwiritsa ntchito mawu lomveka, mawu ndi zomangamanga kalembedwe.
6. Ungwiro wa kulankhula. Likunenera, pakalibe kulankhula malamulo mlendo zolembalemba chinenero ndi mfundo za makhalidwe abwino - mawu majeremusi, chilankhulo, mawu colloquial, barbarisms, jargon ndi mawu olaula.
7. Expressiveness. njira ya kupereka zinthu zomwe chidwi womverayo. Iye mauthenga ndi (omvera chidwi watipatsa) komanso m'maganizo (omvera chidwi mwa unsembe wa ulaliki wa mudziwe).
8. Pansi zosiyanasiyana njira akuti ayenera kumvetsa luso logwiritsa ntchito ambiri ofanana. wolankhulayo ali ndi buku lalikulu la mawu amene ali mu ntchito yogwira.
9. Aesthetics - ndi kukana chinenero zolembalemba chinenero zolawula. Kuti aesthetics wa kulankhula mawu maganizo ndale.
10. Moyenera - kusankha ndi gulu la chuma cha chinenero m'njira imene ingathandize kukwaniritsa zolinga ndi zinthu kulankhulana.

Mukudziwa ndizosowa chikhalidwe kulankhula ndi kuwatsatira kopita kwawo - udindo wa munthu aliyense ophunzira.

ndi mtundu wa chikhalidwe kulankhula chiyani?

Mtundu wa chikhalidwe kulankhula - khalidwe la okamba za chinenero kutengera msinkhu wawo bwino. Kodi chofunika ndi luso logwiritsa ntchito chinenero ndi zida. Apa yofunika kwambiri ndi ankaimba ndi bwino anayamba kulankhulana mawu, chikhalidwe cha mawu. Tiyeni tione mwatsatanetsatane.

Mitundu ya chikhalidwe kulankhula anawagawa mitundu isanu chachikulu:

• Elitist. Ikutchula kudodoma m'chilankhulo cha mwayi wogwila, kuphatikizapo kulenga. mtundu Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo potsatira malamulo onse a chinenero ndi loletsa kugwiritsa ntchito coarse ndi jargon.
• Mid-zolembalemba. Chosakwanira kugwilizana, kulankhula kuchuluka bookshelves kapena colloquialisms. Onyamula mtundu uwu wa chikhalidwe - ambiri ophunzira okhala m'mizinda. kufalitsa ndi ntchito zamakono za luso komanso atolankhani.
• Zolembalemba ndi colloquial ndi bwino, chitachitika. Yodziwika ndi mlingo wochepa wa kalembedwe ndi coarseness wa kulankhula, amene ali pafupi ndi anthu wamba. Izi mitundu ndi mawonekedwe a chinenero mabuku ndi ntchito atolankhani yemweyo amene ali mu banja pafupi ndi mgwirizano.
• Wamba amakhala ndi mlingo wochepa maphunziro komanso chikhalidwe cha nthandala. Mmenemo ndi mawu zochepa, kulephera lililonse kumanga ziganizo zovuta zambiri matemberero ndi mawu a majeremusi. ambiri nsikidzi pano mu mawu ndi kulemba.
• Mwaukadaulo-okha. Iwo yodziwika ndi zochepa handicap ndi mawu kutsitsimuka.

ndi malamulo chiyani?

Kuchokera pa zimene takambiranazi, m'pofunika kudziwa malamulo waukulu wa chikhalidwe kulankhula:

• Normative. Iwo amateteza malowedwe a chinenero mabuku ndi mawu colloquial chilankhulo ndipo amakhala otetezeka ndipo mogwirizana ndi mfundo ambiri amavomereza.
• Wochezeka. Amatanthauza luso logwiritsa ntchito ntchito chinenero malinga ndi vutolo. Mwachitsanzo, zolondola kulankhula sayansi ndi permissibility mawu zolakwika kucheza.
• Lamulo. Kumasonyeza kuti mawu abwino, ndiye malamulo a khalidwe polankhulana. Ntchito moni, chithandizo, zopempha, mafunso.
• Zokongoletsa. Zimatengera ntchito njira ndi njira akuti ndi wophiphiritsa achipongwe chokongoletsera kulankhula, kufanizira ndi njira zina.

ndi mawu chikhalidwe cha anthu chiyani?

Takambirana mfundo "chinenero", "mawu chikhalidwe" monga chodabwitsa chikhalidwe, amene amadziwika anthu a. Koma anthu wapangidwa ndi anthu. Choncho, pali mtundu wa chikhalidwe uliri chinenero chimene chinkalankhulidwa wa munthu. zodabwitsazi amatchedwa "Mawu chikhalidwe cha munthuyo." Mawu akuti ayenera kumvetsa ubale wa munthu chidziwitso cha chinenero ndi luso logwiritsa ntchito iwo ndi kusintha, ngati n'koyenera.

Sizoti ndi luso la kulankhula ndi kulemba, komanso kumvetsera ndi kuwerenga. Pakuti kulankhula ungwiro munthu ayenera eni onsewo. Lophunzira iwo amafuna kudziwa zitsanzo za zizindikiro ndi zithunzi za kumanga kulankhula wangwiro kulankhula, kudziwa zodyera ndipo ndizosowa maganizo kulankhulana.

Kulankhula chikhalidwe anthu si malo amodzi - izo, monga chinenero, ungasinthe, amene amadalira masinthidwe chikhalidwe, ndi kwa munthuyo. Iwo amayamba ndi mawu oyamba a mwana. Kukula pamodzi lidzasinthidwa kulankhula chikhalidwe sukulu, ndiye ana sukulu, ophunzira ndi akulu. Akulu munthu, wangwiro kwambiri ndi luso lake la kulankhula, kulemba, kuwerenga ndi kumvetsera.

Kodi kusiyana Russian kulankhula chikhalidwe?

Russian kulankhula chikhalidwe amatanthauza gawo amalanga, amene zikugwira kuphunzira chikhalidwe mtundu wa kulankhula. Fuko lirilonse pa linakhalapo wapanga linalake chinenero. Kodi ndi chibadwa wina fuko kungakhale yachilendo kwa ena. zizindikiro zimenezi zikuphatikiza:

• peculiarities mtundu wa chithunzi chinenero cha dziko;

• ntchito wapakamwa ndipo sanali wapakamwa;

• Kutolere malemba, kuphatikizapo malemba amene analembedwa mu chinenero kuti - zakale komanso masiku ano.

Mu chithunzi fuko la dziko kumvetsa kuchotsedwa maganizo pa dziko kupyolera mu mawu ndi mawu a chinenero enieni, amene alinso ndi anthu onse olankhula ndi ankaona kuti chinachake kuitenga mopepuka. Koma mosiyana ndi chithunzi mtundu wa dziko n'zosavuta kuti lithe kusanthula a folklore ntchito achipongwe. Mwachitsanzo, mawu akuti "kuwala mutu" ndi "mtima wabwino" amatanthauza nzeru mkulu ndi Kuyankha. Ndi N'zosadabwitsa achipongwe awa osankhidwa mutu ndi mtima, monga kumvetsetsa anthu Russian kuganizira mutu, ndi mtima akumvera. Koma m'zinenero zina, si. Mwachitsanzo, m'chilankhulo ifaluk maganizo mkati pochitika intestine, mu chinenero cha Dogon - chiwindi, ndi samaona mu mtima Chihebri, ndi kuganiza.

Pa zimene mlingo ndi masiku Russian chikhalidwe ya kulankhula?

Modern kulankhula chikhalidwe akuganizira:

• mbali typological chinenero Russian;
• ukulu wa ntchito;
• mgwirizano wa kulankhula m'dziko la Chitaganya cha Russia;
• mitundu m'zigawozo chinenero cha Chirasha;
• olembedwa ndi m'kamwa malemba, osati luso lokha, komanso yothandiza dziko, amene nyamulani malingaliro wa kulankhula zabwino ndi zokoma za zipambano za sayansi ya chinenero cha Chirasha.

Russian kulankhula zodyera

Mu Russian kulankhula zodyera kumvetsetsa ya malamulo ndi malamulo a kulumikizana, amene apangidwa mchikakamizo cha chikhalidwe cha dziko.

Russian kulankhula zodyera ukugawa kulankhulana osankhidwa ndi osasankhidwa. Ofunda - kulankhulana pakati pa anthu omwe sadziwa wina ndi mzake. Iwo amagawira chochitika kapena nthawi imene anakumana. kulankhulana umafuna N'ZOSACHITA kufunsa kulemekeza zodyera. Mosiyana ndi kalembedwe imeneyi, kulankhulana mwamwayi kumachitika pakati pa anthu amene ali bwino wina ndi mnzake. banja, anzawo, achibale, oyandikana nawo.

Features wa kulankhula zodyera mu Russia amati pamtima munthu muli pa kulankhulana ofunda. Pankhaniyi, muyenera kulankhula ndi mbali ina dzina ndi patronymic. Izi ndi zofunika, monga mawonekedwe a ofanana ndi "Bwana", "Bambo", "Mayi" kapena "Abiti" mu Russian kulankhula zodyera kwina. Pali ambiri "amayi ndi abambo", koma agwiritsidwa kwa ambiri anthu. Mu chisanadze chosintha Russia mankhwala monga bwana ndi madam, koma mkubwela kwa Bolsheviks anali m'malo ndi mawu monga nzika anzake ndi nzika. Ndi kugwa kwa Soviet Union mawu "comrade" ndi akale ndipo anapeza tanthauzo lake choyambirira - "bwenzi" ndi "nzika" ndi "nzika" anayamba kugwirizana ndi apolisi kapena bwalo. Patapita nthawi, ndipo iwo anali atapita, ndi mawu anabwera kwa kukopa chidwi m'malo a. Mwachitsanzo, "Pepani", "pepani", "kodi ...".

Mosiyana ndi mawu chikhalidwe cha West, mu maphunziro ambiri Russian pokambirana - ndale, banja, ntchito. Pa kugonana omwewo yoletsedwa.

Ambiri, mawu zodyera chikhalidwe ndi anaphatikizana kuyambira ali mwana, ndipo kenako bwino, kukhala subtleties kwambiri. Bwino chitukuko umadalira pa banja, amene anakulira mwana, ndi kwa chilengedwe umene akufotokozera. Ngati anthu ena otukuka mwapamwamba, ndiye mwana katswiri mawonekedwe kulankhulana. Tikawonetsetsa Gululi mtundu chinenero cha chikhalidwe kulankhula adzaphunzitsa mwana wanu kulankhula ziganizo yosavuta wopepuka.

Kodi n'zotheka kukhala ndi chikhalidwe cha mawu awo?

Development chikhalidwe kulankhula kumadalira osati kokha pa chilengedwe anthu, komanso kwa iyemwini. Pa zaka chifukwa, ngati n'koyenera, tingathe kukulitsa paokha. Kuti tichite zimenezi, muyenera tsiku lililonse nthawi yocheza kudzikonda ntchito. Kugwira ntchito zonse chofunika masiku 3, ndiponso zosowa latsopano mobwerezabwereza pamaso pa kuloŵerera akale. Pang'onopang'ono kudzakhala kotheka kuchita ntchito osati pamodzi, koma payokha. Poyamba, monga phunziro kulankhula chikhalidwe adzatenga mphindi 15-20, koma pang'onopang'ono kuonjezera ola limodzi.

1. Mawu. Pakuti maseŵerowo muyenera kuchita chilichonse lemba zolembalemba ndi dikishonale zilankhulo Russian kapena yachilendo. Lembani ndi chigogomeza mawu onse a mbali ina ya kulankhula - manauni, adjectives kapena kasewenzetsedwe ka mau. Ndiyeno kuyesa chepetsa ofanana. Ntchitoyi timapitiriza mawu chabe.

2. Kukafola nkhani ndi mfundo. Tengani buku lililonse, sankhani mwachisawawa ndi maso otsekedwa 5 mawu ndi kuwapanga iwo nkhani. Pa nthawi ina muyenera kuti malemba 4, omwe limatenga 3 mphindi. Njira iyi imalimbikitsa chitukuko cha m'maganizo, logic ndi nzeru. Yankho ndi kovuta - kuti nkhani kuchokera mawu 10.

3. Kucheza ndi galasi. Zolimbitsa thupi mukuyenera lemba la Buku 2. Imirira pagalasi ndi kuwauza nkhani yake popanda nkhope. Ndiye retell nkhani kachiwiri polumikiza ndi nkhope. Pendani kaonekedwe ka nkhope yanu ndi kalembedwe Nkhani mwa kuyankha mafunso awiri - "Kodi mungakonde kaonekedwe ka nkhope yanu ndi njira yoperekera mudziwe" ndi "kaya ngati anthu ena." Chochitachi umalimbana ndi chizolowezi bwino kulamulira mawu awo nkhope.

4. Kumvetsera nyimbo ndi chojambulira mawu. Ntchitoyi ithandiza kumva tokha kuchokera mbali ndi kudziwa zabwino ndi zofooka za mawu ake, choncho kukonza kuperewera ndi kuphunzira mmene ntchito ubwino kukambirana ulemu. Amaloweza wolemba iliyonse luso lemba kapena ndakatulo. Mvetserani kuchifotokoza icho, monga ntchito yapita, ndiyeno kuyesera retell kapena amaloweza kachiwiri ndi zosintha zimenezi.

5. Kucheza ndi munthu. Mtundu wa masewera olimbitsa thupi amathandiza kuti luso la kukambirana. Ngati pali anthu amene amachita Zochita izi mwa anzanu kapena anzawo, mukhoza kuchita zinthu kuti ndi mmodzi wa iwo 2. Ngati ayi, funsani munthu wina kuti akuthandizeni. Kuti tichite zimenezi, kukonzekera pasadakhale kukambirana za ndi dongosolo. Cholinga chanu - kuti chidwi cha interlocutor, kuti ayambe kuchita chidwi wake ndiponso chidwi cha osachepera 5 Mphindi. Ntchito udzatha, ngati mbali yonenedwa pa 3-4 mitu anapatsidwa.

Development chikhalidwe kulankhula umafuna maphunziro zonse - yekha mu nkhani iyi, kupambana ndi sizipezeka.