Dongosolo zodziwitsa: gulu la zinthu mankhwala a

Mu zoyambirira za m'ma 19 pali kuyesayesa zosiyanasiyana kulinganiza zinthu ndi kuphatikiza zitsulo dongosolo nthawi. Zikuoneka njira kufufuza mu nyengo yakale imeneyi, monga kusanthula mankhwala.

Mbiri ya atulukira dongosolo nthawi ya zinthu

Pogwiritsa ntchito njira zofanana pa kudziŵa zenizeni katundu mankhwala asayansi nthawi ndayesera kuphatikiza gulu la zinthu, motsogozedwa ndi khalidwe kachulukidwe, ndi kulemera atomiki.

Kugwiritsa kulemera atomiki

Choncho, IV Dubereyner mu 1817 anatsimikiza kuti kulemera atomiki a strontium akufanana ndi zizindikiro lolingana wa barium ndi calcium. iyenso anapeza kuti pakati pa katundu wa barium, strontium, calcium, ndipo pali zambiri ndithu ofanana. Pamaziko a mapendedwe izi sayansi wotchuka munamutcha otchedwa zinthu wa ku. Mu magulu ofanana akhala ophatikizidwa ndi zinthu zina:

• sulfure, selenium, tellurium;
• chloro, bromo, iodo;
• lifiyamu, sodium, potaziyamu.

katundu gulu mankhwala

L. Gmelin mu 1843 anapereka tebulo kuti waika ofanana katundu mankhwala mbali mu dongosolo okhwima. Asafe, wa hydrogen, mpweya, akukhulupirira zinthu zazikulu za sayansi yogwira n'kuliika panja gome lake.

Mu mpweya iwo anaiika tetrads (4 otchulidwa), ndipo pentads (5 manambala) zinthu. Zitsulo tebulo zodziwitsa anali kuperekedwa ndi Berzelius terminology. Monga anaima Gmelin, zinthu zonse anaika kuchepetsa katundu electronegativity pakati pa subgroup a dongosolo lino nthawi.

Ife kaphatikizidwe zinthu vertically

Alexander Emile de A Chancourtois mu 1863 anaika zinthu zonse kuwonjezeka kulemera kwa ma atomu panalembedwa pa, nagawira mu mikwingwirima angapo choimirira. Monga Chifukwa kugawanika mu verticals ndi zinthu kukhala ofanana katundu thupi ndi mankhwala.

chilamulo cha octaves

D. Newlands anapeza mu 1864 ndithu citsanzo chidwi. Pamene malo zinthu zimachitikira pa kuchulukitsa zinthu zolemera zawo atomiki aliyense wa membala chitatu ndi kufanana woyamba wapezeka. Izi kunena Newlands lamulo la octaves (zolemba eyiti).

dongosolo lake nthawi anakhumudwa kwambiri makonzedwe, choncho lingaliro la wasayansi supervisory unadziwika ngati "Octave" Baibulo, kulumikiza ndi nyimbo. Kuti mwina Newlands anali pafupi kwambiri kwa dongosolo la makono a SS. Koma chilamulo wotchulidwa wa octaves, magulu 17 okha kusunga katundu wawo nthawi zizindikiro otsala malamulo amenewa sanapezeke.

Odling tebulo

W. Odling anapereka zingapo zimene mungachite kuti zinthu magome. Mu buku loyamba, olengedwa mwa 1857, iye akufuna kuti ndikuzigawa m'magulu 9. Mu 1861, a sayansi anapanga zinthu zina kuti Baibulo choyambirira pa tebulo, ogwirizana zizindikiro gulu ndi katundu zofanana mankhwala.

Yankho Odling matebulo, akufuna mu 1868, anandiuza malo a zinthu 45 pa kuchulukitsa kulemera kwa ma atomu. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, tebulo anadzakhala zinachitika kwa dongosolo nthawi D. I. Mendeleeva.

Kudulidwa kwa valence

L. Meyer mu 1864 anapereka tebulo limene linali chinthu 44. Iwo anaikidwa 6-chithunzi, malinga ndi valence a haidrojini. Tebulo anali magawo awiri basi. Chidule umabweretsa pamodzi magulu sikisi anaphatikizapo 28 zizindikiro akukwera kulemera kwa ma atomu. Pa kapangidwe ake pentad ndi kuonera tetrads ndi makhalidwe ofanana mankhwala katundu. Zinthu otsala Meyer anaika mu tebulo chachiwiri.

Chopereka D. I. Mendeleeva kwa chilengedwe ku gome la zinthu

Amakono nthawi tebulo D. I. Mendeleeva anaonekera zochokera matebulo Mayer analemba mu 1869. Mu Baibulo chachiwiri Mayer waika zizindikiro pa magulu 16, kuika zinthu pentads ndi kope, anapatsidwa kudziwika katundu mankhwala. M'malo mwake anagwiritsa ntchito valence yosavuta analipo magulu. Panali m'menemo boron, thorium, wa hydrogen, niobium, ureniamu.

Kapangidwe ka chitetezo cha nthawi mu maonekedwe a woimiridwa mu Mabaibulo panopa anaonekera yomweyo. Atatu magawo waukulu akhoza kuwasiyanitsa, imene dongosolo nthawi analengedwa:

1. Baibulo loyamba tebulo zinakambidwa pa mayunitsi structural. Kunachokera nthawi chikhalidwe cha omwe ulipo pakati pa katundu wa zanyengo ndi mfundo za miyeso awo atomiki. Izi zinasonyeza gulu la Mendeleev zomwe zinaikidwa 1868-1869 gg.
2. Scientist amasiya dongosolo pachiyambi, chifukwa susonyeza muyezo umene zinthu angagwe mu ndime makamaka. Akudzipereka ikani zizindikiro kufanana kwa katundu mankhwala (February 1869)
3. Mu 1870, Dmitri Mendeleev unaperekedwa kwa dziko la sayansi yamakono nthawi tebulo.

Version Russian sayansi anatsimikiza ndi udindo wa zitsulo tebulo nthawi, makamaka sanali zitsulo katundu. Zaka zapita kuyambira Baibulo loyambirira la kuyambitsa mwaluso tebulo Mendeleev wakhala si masinthidwe iliyonse yaikulu. Ndipo mu malo amene asiyidwa akusowekapo mu nthawi ya wotchedwa Dmitry Ivanovich, magulu atsopano anapeza pambuyo pa imfa yake.

Features ku gome zodziwitsa

Chifukwa akukhulupirira kuti dziko anafotokoza - zodziwitsa? Zimenezi zalongosoledwa ndi peculiarities wa kapangidwe ka tebulo.

Okwana pali magulu 8, ndipo aliyense ali subgroups awiri: chachikulu (waukulu) ndi kumzere wakumbali. Iwo likukhalira kuti subgroups onse 16. zili vertically, ndiye kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi.

Komanso, tebulo, pali mizere yopingasa otchedwa nthawi. Iwonso magawano zawo zambiri ang'ono ndi lalikulu. Zochita za dongosolo nthawi kumaphatikizapo mchitidwe malo, gulu lake ndi nthawi subgroup.

Kodi kusintha katundu mu subgroups yaikulu

Onse subgroups yaikulu ya tebulo nthawi ya zinthu kuyamba kwa nthawi yachiwiri. Zizindikiro a yemweyo gulu lalikulu, chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi kunja kwa chimodzimodzi, koma mtunda pakati pa ma elekitironi ndi atsopano anasinthira ngale.

Komanso pamwamba pa iwo ndipo pali kuwonjezeka mu thupi atomiki (wachibale atomiki misa) wa mchitidwe wa. Nambala imeneyi ndi kudziwa chinthu kudziwa Pantchito za kusintha pa katundu wa subgroups waukulu.

Popeza utali wozungulira wa (mtunda wa pakati pa maziko abwino ndi ma elekitironi zoipa kunja) ndi waukulu boma gulu ukuwonjezeka, katundu nonmetallic (mphamvu pa masinthidwe mankhwala kutenga ma elekitironi) amachepetsa. Unasintha zachitsulo katundu (maatomu angadzachite ma elekitironi zina), izo kwambiri.

Ntchito dongosolo nthawi angayerekezedwe lililonse katundu ena oimira osiyanasiyana chimodzimodzi gulu lalikulu. Pa nthawi imene Mendeleev dongosolo nthawi analengedwa, panalibe zokhudza kapangidwe ka nkhani. Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, kamodzi anayambitsa chiphunzitso cha dongosolo atomiki, anaphunzira ku sukulu ndi mbiri maphunziro mayunivesite mankhwala ndipo tsopano, iye anatsimikizira amanena za Mendeleev ndipo sunakane kopanda wake pa makonzedwe a maatomu mu tebulo.

Electronegativity amachepetsa cha pansi mu subgroups lalikulu, i.e. amafotokozera m'munsi ili mu gulu, kotero umatha angagwirizanitse maatomu adzakhala zochepa.

Kusintha katundu wa ma atomu mu subgroups mbali

Popeza dongosolo Mendeleyev nthawi, kusintha katundu wa subgroups amenewa amapezeka kuti iwowo. The subgroups mbali zina ku nthawi 4 (d f oimira mabanja). Ndi pansi pa subgroups awa ndi kuchepetsedwa katundu zachitsulo, koma chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi kunja kwa chimodzimodzi kwa mamembala onse a subgroup chomwecho.

nthawi Avilable mu PS

Nthawi iliyonse watsopano, kupatulapo choyamba, Table Russian sayansi umayamba yogwira soda zitsulo. Komanso anapulumutsa zitsulo amphoteric, naonetsere ndi katundu wapawiri cha masinthidwe mankhwala. Ndiye pali zingapo sanali zachitsulo zinthu katundu. Nthawi ikutha ndi inert mpweya (zitsulo sanali, machitidwe, osati naonetsere reactivity).

Popeza kuti dongosolo la nthawi, nthawi pali kusintha ntchito. Kuchokera kumanzere adzakhala ndichepe ntchito kuchepetsa (zachitsulo katundu) kulalikira mwakhama makutidwe ndi okosijeni (sanali zachitsulo katundu). Choncho, zitsulo yowala mu nyengo ya kumanzere ndi kumanja sanali zitsulo.

Mu nthawi yaitali, wopangidwa mwa mizere iwiri (4-7), komanso zikuoneka khalidwe magaziniyo, koma chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa akuluakulu a D kapena f wa banja, zinthu zachitsulo pa mndandanda zambiri.

Mayina a subgroups waukulu

M'gulu la zinthu likupezeka mu tebulo nthawi mayina awo. Oimira woyamba gulu A subgroup otchedwa zitsulo soda. Similar maina zitsulo ngongole ntchito yawo kwa madzi, chifukwa mu mapangidwe soda caustic.

Gulu lachiwiri subgroup A imatengedwa zamchere lapansi zitsulo. Pamene zimavuta ndi madzi, zitsulo izi kupanga oxides, kamodzi kumayiko. Ndi kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, ndipo anatumizidwa ku mamembala a subgroup kwa dzina ofanana.

Non-zitsulo mpweya subgroup otchedwa chalcogens, ndi mtundu uliwonse wa 7 gulu lotchedwa halogens. 8 A subgroup otchedwa mpweya wolemekezeka chifukwa cha ntchito zake kochepa mankhwala.

PS mu Maphunziro

Ophunzira zambiri anapereka zosinthika ku gome zodziwitsa m'mene mu magulu Komanso, subgroups nthawi monga chilinganizo mwachindunji ndi mankhwala apamwamba loopsali ndi oxides apamwamba. A yomweyi poyesa amalola mapangidwe luso ophunzira pokonza oxides apamwamba. Okwanira mu lieu mchitidwe wogwirizira chizindikiro woimira subgroup kukonzekera ndi okusayidi apamwamba.

Ngati inu kuyang'anitsitsa pa mawonekedwe onse a mankhwala a hydrogen oyaka, zikuonekeratu kuti ali achindunji omwe si zitsulo. Mu magulu 1-3 ndi dashes, monga oimira ankaikira magulu awa ndi zitsulo.

Kuwonjezera apo, ena mabuku zimapangidwira lililonse chizindikiro cha chithunzi elekitironi yogawa amasonyeza zimatiyika mphamvu. Mfundozi kulibe mu nthawi ya Mendeleev, monga mfundo za sayansi inatulutsidwa mochedwa kwambiri.

Munthu aliyense angathe kuona ndi chilinganizo kunja pakompyuta mlingo pa zimene n'zosavuta ndikuganiza kuti banja monga chinthu yogwira. nsonga saloledwa mu magawo mayeso, kotero omaliza 9 ndi 11 makalasi, anaganiza kusonyeza nzeru zawo mankhwala kwa OGE, kapena mayeso, kupereka tingachipeze powerenga wakuda ndi woyera buku la tebulo nthawi, imene palibe mumve zambiri zokhudza kapangidwe ka atomu, ndi mitunduyi wa oxides apamwamba lopangidwa ndi mankhwala a hydrogen oyaka .

Posankha zoti kuli koyenera ndithu ndi chifukwa chakuti anthu ophunzira kuti asankha kutsatira mapazi a Mendeleyev ndi Lomonosov, sizidzakhala zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito Baibulo tingachipeze powerenga za dongosolo amangoganizira safuna nsonga.

Limeneli ndi lamulo ndi dongosolo nthawi D. I. Mendeleeva ndiwo anaphatikiza chitukuko zina za chiphunzitso atomiki-maselo. Pambuyo munakonza dongosolo, asayansi anayamba kumvetsera kwambiri kuphunzira zikuchokera mchitidwe wa. Table zinathandiza kuti anthu amvetse zina zokhudza zinthu yosavuta, komanso chikhalidwe ndi katundu wa zinthuzo zimene iwo anapanga.

Mendeleyev iye ankaganiza kuti zinthu zatsopano adzatsegulidwa posachedwa, ndipo anapereka kwa udindo wa zitsulo tebulo nthawi. Ndi pambuyo kuoneka inawo, nyengo yatsopano inayamba mu umagwirira lapansi. Komanso akuluakulu chiyambi anapatsidwa kupanga kuchuluka kwa sayansi ndi nkhaniyi, imakhudzana ndi kapangidwe ka atomu ndipo amalowa m'malo mwa zinthu.