Kodi mavairasi? Biology: zoyimira ndi gulu la mavairasi

Mavairasi (zamoyo decrypts tanthauzo la liwu kotero) - extracellular wothandizira amene akhoza idzaseweredwe yekha mothandizidwa ndi maselo moyo. Komanso, iwo amatha bwanji osati anthu, nyama ndi zomera, komanso mabakiteriya. Mavairasi, mabakiteriya otchedwa bacteriophages. Si kale apezeka mitundu zimene zimakhudza wina ndi mnzake. Iwo ali kutchedwa "makina mavairasi."

makhalidwe General

Mavairasi achuluka kwambiri kwachilengedwenso mawonekedwe, ngati muli aliyense topezeka pa dziko lapansi. Kuphunzira ankachita sayansi virology - gawo tizilombo tosaoneka ndi maso.

Aliyense tinthu HIV ali zigawo zikuluzikulu zingapo:

- mfundo majini (DNA kapena RNA);

- capsid (mapuloteni odula) - ntchito zodzitetezera;

Mavairasi zosiyanasiyana ndithu mitundu, kuyambira helical yosavuta icosahedral kutha. Milingo yabwino imathandiza mulimi ndi za wina-zana kukula kwa bakiteriya yaing'ono. Komabe, ambiri a toyesa ndi ang'onoang'ono kwambiri motero kuti iwo siali choncho ngakhale zooneka pansi kuwala maso.

Ndi chikhalidwe chawo, mavairasi ndi tizilombo akhoza kubereka kunja selo lamoyo. Koma kukhala kunja maselo zithe kuti zizindikiro wamoyo.

Kufalitsa mu njira zingapo: mavairasi tikukhala mu zomera, adagwidwa ndi tizilombo kudya madzi udzu; mavairasi nyama kunyamula tizilombo m'magazi woyamwa. Mu anthu, kachilombo koyambitsa imafalikira m'njira zambiri kudzera m'malovu airborne kapena pogonana komanso magazi.

magwero

Mavairasi (Biology ali ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha mitundu) ndi malingaliro angapo a chiyambi. majeremusi awa apezeka iliyonse millimeter wa dziko kumene kuli maselo amoyo. Choncho pali kuchokera isanayambike kwambiri.

Pali malingaliro atatu za chiyambi cha mavairasi mu nthawi yathu.

1. The amanena za chiyambi ma lipoti ngati atumiki extracellular anatuluka makombo RNA ndi DTC, chomwe chingathe kumasulidwa ku thupi la wokulirapo.
2. Regressive amanena zimasonyeza kuti mavairasi anali maselo ang'onoang'ono, kuwatsogolera njira parasitic wa moyo mu mitundu ikuluikulu, koma m'kupita anataya chibadwa zofunika kuli parasitic.
3. Coevolution kungoganizira zikusonyeza kuti mavairasi anatuluka nthawi yomweyo kuti panali maselo, mwachitsanzo mabiliyoni zaka zapitazo. Ndipo panali chifukwa cha kumanga machitidwe zovuta zidulo mkati ndi mapuloteni.

Mwachidule HIV (pa zamoyo wa zamoyo izi, nzeru zathu m'munsi, mwatsoka, ndi opanda ungwiro) mukhoza kuwerenga m'nkhani ino. Aliyense mfundo tatchulazi ali kuipa kwake ndi unproven kungoganizira.

Mavairasi monga mawonekedwe a moyo

Pali mitundu iwiri ya HIV tanthauzo la moyo. Malinga ndi woyamba, extracellular wothandizila - kuipidwa mamolekyulu organic. The tanthauzo wachiwiri anena kuti mavairasi ndi mtundu wa moyo.

Mavairasi (Biology ikukhudza zikamera wa mitundu yatsopano ya mavairasi) yodziwika monga zamoyo m'malire. Iwo amafanana ndi maselo awo osiyana ya majini ndi kusintha zochokera njira zamphamvu zokhazokha wamoyo. Komanso, iwo akhoza kubereka, kupanga Mabaibulo awo. Popeza mavairasi musati ndi dongosolo ma, asayansi osaganizira iwo ngati zinthu zamoyo.

Kuti lithe mamolekyulu yake, wothandizila extracellular muyenera khungu khamu. Pakalibe kagayidwe chake salola iwo kuti achulukane popanda thandizo.

Komabe, nkhani ya sayansi inafalitsidwa mu 2013 kuti ena bacteriophages ali dongosolo yake m'thupi amatha anatengera. Ndipo ichi ndi chitsimikizo chokwanira kuti kachilombo - mawonekedwe a moyo.

Gulu la mavairasi pa Baltimore

ndi mavairasi Kodi, zamoyo akufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane. David Baltimore (Nobel Prize wopambana) anayamba gulu lawo la mavairasi, limene liri opambana. Gawo Izi zachokera njira ya mapangidwe mRNA.

Mavairasi ayenera kupanga mRNA ku genomes mwini. Zimenezi ndi zofunika kugawanika yake asidi mkati ndi mapuloteni mapangidwe.

Virus gulu (zamoyo limalola anachokera), malinga Baltimore, motere:

- dvutsepochnoy mavairasi popanda RNA DNA siteji. Zikuphatikizapo Mimivirus ndi gerpevirusy.

- wosakwatiwa-Shackleton DNA ndi polarity zabwino (parvovirus).

- Dvuchepochnaya RNA (rotaviruses).

- wosakwatiwa-Shackleton RNA wa polarity positive. Oimira flaviviruses, picornaviruses.

- wosakwatiwa-Shackleton RNA molekyulu ndi awiri kapena zoipa polarity. Zitsanzo: filoviruses, orthomyxoviruses.

- zabwino osakwatiwa-Shackleton RNA, ndi kukhalapo kwa DNA kaphatikizidwe pa RNA (HIV) masanjidwewo.

- Dvutsepochnaya DNA ndi kukhalapo kwa DNA kaphatikizidwe pa Chinsinsi RNA (a chiwindi B).

moyo

Zitsanzo za mavairasi mu zamoyo amapezeka mwapadera iliyonse. Koma onse mkombero moyo atuluka pafupifupi chimodzimodzi. Osati kukhala ndi dongosolo selo, kubereka kugawa, iwo sangakhoze. Choncho, ntchito zipangizo zomwe zili mkati maselo ake khamu. Choncho, iwo makope ambiri a iwo okha.

HIV mkombero tichipeza magawo angapo, amene vzaimoperekryvayuschimisya.

Pa gawo loyamba la Kachiromboka Ufumuyo, ie, izo zimapanga ulalo yeniyeni pakati mapuloteni awo ndi maselo khamu selo. Kenako muyenera kulowa mu selo palokha ndipo kudali nkhani yake chibadwa. Ena mitundu kulekerera kwambiri ndi mapuloteni. Kenako pa capsid imfa, ndi kutengera mapangidwe asidi mkati adzamasulidwa.

Pambuyo tiziromboti imagwera mkati selo imayamba msonkhano wa particles tizilombo ndi kusinthidwa mapuloteni. Ndipo chifukwa cha HIV kuchokera maselo. Ngakhale ngati apitiriza kukhala, izo zikhoza kupha muchipindachi, ndipo amapitiriza kukhala mu izo.

matenda anthu

Mavairasi zamoyo amatanthauzira ndi otsika chiwonetsero cha moyo padziko lapansi. Mmodzi wa matenda ofunika kwambiri anthu tizilombo ndi chimfine. Komabe, majeremusi izi zingathe kudzetsa matenda oopsa kwambiri monga AIDS kapena avian fuluwenza.

Aliyense HIV ali ndi njira yeniyeni kanthu pa khamu ake. pochita zimenezi lysis maselo imbaenda ku imfa. Mu zamoyo multicellular, ndi chamoyo akuyamba liziyenda bwino pamene ambiri maselo akufa kutali. Nthawi zambiri, HIV mwina zoipa thanzi la munthu. Mankhwala umatchedwa kachedwedwe. Chitsanzo cha chotero HIV ndi nsungu. Ena mitundu zobisika amatha kupindula. Nthawi zina pamaso pawo induces munthu amene m'thupi ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda bakiteriya.

matenda ena angakhale aakulu kapena ai. Ndiko kuti, Kachiromboka osauka, ngakhale ntchito kuteteza thupi.

miliri

Atamwa EPIDEMIOLOGY - sayansi kuti amaphunzira kulamulira kufala kwa matenda enaake a anthu. tiziromboti HIV akhoza kukhala yopingasa, ndiye amapatsirana; kapena ofukula - kuchokera kwa mayi kupita kwa mwana.

kufala Cham'mbali ndi mtundu ambiri HIV inabuka mwa anthu.

kufala mlingo wa HIV kumatengera zifukwa zingapo: anthu osalimba, chiwerengero cha anthu ndi kachitidwe osauka m'thupi, komanso mankhwala khalidwe ndi nyengo zinthu.

chitetezo khungu

Mavairasi mu zamoyo zomwe zingakhudze thanzi la munthu, incalculable. Woyambirira ayankhe amateteza matupi titadziwa. Amakhala ndi njira yapadera kuti amateteza si yeniyeni. Mtundu wa chitetezo chokwanira sangathe kupereka odalirika ndi yaitali chitetezo.

Pamene peresenti chitetezo chokwanira dziphunzitsiranso Zikuoneka opangidwa chitetezo chapadera kuti angagwirizanitse ku HIV ndi kupanga izo otetezeka.

Koma osati tizilombo onse alipo anapeza chitetezo chokwanira. Mwachitsanzo, HIV zikusintha akuyambira kwa amino asidi, motero kusunthira kutali chitetezo cha m'thupi.

Kuchiza ndi kupewa

Mavairasi mu zamoyo - ndi chodabwitsa sizachilendo, asayansi anadziŵa katemera wapadera munali "zinthu damning" okha mavairasi. The njira ambiri komanso zothandiza za kulimbana ndi katemera, amene amalenga asanazolowere matenda, komanso mankhwala mavairasi oyambitsa, okhoza kusankha ziletsa kugawanika kwa mavairasi.

Mavairasi ndi mabakiteriya zamoyo akufotokoza makamaka ngati anthu kupondeleza thupi. Panopa katemera tingagonjetse pa makumi atatu HIV zinabindikira mu thupi la munthu, ngakhale zambiri - mu thupi la nyama.

zodzitetezera ku matenda tizilombo ayenera idzachitika pa nthawi ndi molondola. Kuti tichite zimenezi, anthu ayenera kukhala moyo wathanzi ndi kuyesera njira zonse zotheka kuti chitetezo cha m'thupi. boma zokhazikitsa quarantines nthawi ndi kuwasamalira bwino zachipatala.

chomera mavairasi

mavairasi kupanga zamoyo amachitira makamaka kuzungulira ndi ndodo woboola pakati. majeremusi chonchi ndithu ambiri. Mu munda iwo makamaka bwanji zokolola, koma tichotse iwo uneconomical. Ku chomera kudzala mavairasi amafalitsidwa ndi zamoyo zina tizilombo. mitundu zimenezi si bwanji anthu kapena nyama, monga iwo angakhoze kokha zikupitiriza mu chomera maselo.

Green Mabwenzi a dziko, nawonso kutetezedwa ndi thandizo la limagwirira jini wokhazikika. Nthawi zambiri zomera anakhudzidwa ndi HIV, anayamba kubala wothandizila mavairasi oyambitsa monga salicylic kapena okusayidi asafe. Maselo zamoyo wa mavairasi akuwalankhula mavuto kugonjetsedwa chonde zomera majeremusi, komanso kusintha mankhwala kapena osiyana, zomwe zimathandiza kuti pofuna kukwaniritsa umisiri.

mavairasi yokumba

Mavairasi mu zamoyo zambirimbiri. M'pofunika makamaka kuganizira mfundo yakuti asayansi mmene kulenga majeremusi yokumba. Woyamba mitundu yokumba chinapezeka mu 2002. Ambiri wothandizila extracellular jini yokumba anadzetsa selo imayamba kusonyeza opatsirana khalidwe. Ndiko kuti, zili zonse zomwe ndi zofunika kwa mapangidwe zamoyo zina. Njira imeneyi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kubala katemera odana infective.

Luso lopeka mavairasi mu m'galasi angakhalenso ndi zotsatirapo ambiri. HIV akhoza bwinobwino kufa bola ngati pali tcheru thupi lake.

Mavairasi - chida

Mwatsoka, majeremusi opatsirana angalenge mliri choopsa kwambiri kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chida kwachilengedwenso. Izi zikutsimikiziridwa ndi Chisipanishi chimfine, amene analengedwa zasayansi. Chitsanzo china ndi nthomba. A katemera kale apezeka, koma monga ulamuliro, katemera yekha ogwira ntchito zachipatala ndi asilikali, kutanthauza kuti ena alionse ali pachiopsezo angathe ngati mtundu uwu zida zotere zigwiritsidwe ntchito pa ntchito.

Mavairasi ndi Biosphere

Pa mphindi, ndi wothandizila extracellular akhoza 'kudzitamanda "nambala apamwamba a anthu ndi mitundu moyo pa dziko lapansi. Iwo amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri ndi malamulo chiwerengero cha zamoyo. Nthawi zambiri iwo kupanga kudalirana ndi nyama. Mwachitsanzo, ena mavu njoka lili zigawo za chiyambi cha tizilombo. Komabe, udindo wawo waukulu mu kukhalapo kwa biosphere ndi moyo m'nyanja ndi m'nyanja.

Mu supuni imodzi ya nyanja mchere lili miliyoni mavairasi. cholinga chawo chachikulu ndi malangizo moyo zimadalirana m'madzi. Ambiri mwa iwo ndi kwathunthu vuto lililonse kwa nyama ndi zomera

Koma si makhalidwe onse abwino. Mavairasi zonse dzuwa ndondomeko, kotero kuwonjezeka mpweya okhutira mu mlengalenga.