Ulemu ndi katundu wa onse

Chidziwitso ndi filosofi, kutanthauza kusowa kwa zonse, dongosolo, mu kukonda chuma. Zinali zotchuka kwambiri m'maganizo a cosmological za chiyambi cha dziko lapansi, komanso malingaliro okhumba zinthu zakuthupi.

Zamtengo Wapatali ndi Majekesero

Kulunjika ndi kosasunthika, ndikudziimira mofanana ndi chinthucho. Mwachitsanzo, mtengo wapadera ndi maina kapena maonekedwe a ntchito yomwe imatengedwa kuchokera ku dongosolo. Chodabwitsa - chodabwitsa chosatha, chomwe chimakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, nthawi zambiri ndi tanthauzo losiyana. Dziko la discrete ndi chodabwitsa, osati chifaniziro chonse, kapena katundu wa nkhani. Kawirikawiri, discrete ndi kuyerekezera kwachinthu chachikulu, chinthu chofunsira kapena chinthu chachilengedwe. Ngakhale, ngakhale, chinthu chilichonse, monga zake, chingayesedwe ngati chinthu chodabwitsa chifukwa chakuti chiri chosavuta ndi njira yowunikira. Njira imeneyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito mufilosofi ndi sayansi, pamene phunziro lonse la kafukufuku limasankhidwa .

Kupitiriza ndi kuzindikira

"Chilichonse ndi chachibale m'dziko lino." Kuyambira nthawi ya Socrates ndi Parmenides, choonadi ichi sichifunsidwa. Kotero kwa ife, chiphunzitso chafilosofi ya "luntha" chimamveka ngati "kupitiriza", mwakhalidwe, umphumphu. Koma nchiyani chomwe chingasokonezedwe, ndipo chikuchitika chiani? Lingaliro la "kuzindikira" ngakhale mu nkhaniyi likukhala njira yosakhazikika. Mwachitsanzo, tiyeni titenge chiphunzitso cha chilengedwe cha Demokritus, chomwe chimayambitsa lingaliro la "atomu." Timakonda kutanthauzira monga maziko a kukhala. Koma mu Greek Greek mawu awa, makamaka mu malo osokonezeka a filosofi, amatanthauza "osadziwika". Ndikokuti, chilengedwe chonse, molingana ndi kutanthauzidwa, chimakhala ndi "zosaoneka" zambiri, zosiyana ndi mawonekedwe. Izi zimakhala chinthu chochititsa chidwi: maziko a kukhala akupitirira, pamene chilengedwe ndi nkhani ziri zovuta.

Kutanthauzira pazinthu

Inde, kuzindikira sikungokhala kosiyana ndi kupitiriza. Ichi ndichinsinsi chothandizira, kutanthauza zinthu za dialectically zosiyana. Mwachitsanzo, muzaka zapakati ndi zafilosofi - malo ndi nthawi. Kapena kukhala ndi nthawi kale muzaka za m'ma 2000. Zolemba zofanana zofananazi zinkapezeka mu filosofi yatsopano yatsopano yolankhulidwa - kulemba ndi nkhani. Chirichonse chiri chosavuta mokwanira: kalatayo ndi yosavuta, koma panthawi imodzimodziyo mwamsanga mwakhalidwe satha. Pa nthawi yomweyi, kukamba nkhani kumakhala koyendetsa, imasonyeza kusinthika kosasintha kwa zinthu, ndipo kotero ndikupitirira. Vuto lokha ndiloti sikuti nthawi zonse ndi thandizo la kulemba mungathe kufotokoza zomwe zimalankhula mawu, kuganiza, chidziwitso.

M'mapazi a masamu

Komabe, malingaliro a Demokritov apulumuka m'nthaŵi yathu ino. Tsopano lingaliro la "luntha" limatanthauza kukhalapo kwa zinthu zomwe zimapanga maziko ofunika kwambiri. Mzere wolunjika uli ndi ndondomeko ya mfundo. Malo - kuchokera ku chiwerengero chopanda malire cha zinthu zomwe zili muzigawo zina. Zowerengera zamtunduwu zimasokonezedwanso ndi zikhalidwe zosiyana. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kuzindikira ndi chinthu chosiyana, chomwe chikhoza kuwonedwa ngati chofunikira, kupitirira, ndi monga dongosolo lopangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zofooka. Kumvetsa kwafilosofi za chilengedwe, ngakhale zaka 2500 zapitazo, sizinasinthe. Kuwonjezera pa kutsindika kwa kugwirizana kwa chirichonse.