Chiweruzo ndi chimodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri za kuganiza kwaumunthu, zomwe ndi chinthu chosavomerezeka cha kuzindikira konse. Makamaka ngati ndondomekoyi ikukhudzana ndi kulingalira, kuganizira ndi kumanga umboni. M'lingaliro, chiweruzo chimatanthauzanso ndi "mawu".

Chiweruzo monga lingaliro

Pokhala ndi lingaliro limodzi ndi chiwonetsero popanda kuthekera kwa kulumikizana kwawo kapena kugwirizana, kodi anthu angadziwe chinachake? Yankho lake ndilolondola: ayi. Kuzindikiridwa n'kotheka kokha pamene kumakhudzana ndi choonadi kapena kunyoza. Ndipo funso la choonadi ndi mabodza limangoyamba kokha pamaso pa kugwirizana kulikonse pakati pa malingaliro. Mgwirizano pakati pawo umakhazikitsidwa pokhapokha pa nthawi ya chiweruzo cha chinachake. Mwachitsanzo, pamene timanena kuti "mphaka", yomwe siimapereka choonadi kapena chinyengo, timangotanthauza lingaliro lokha. Chiweruzo "katsulo ali ndi mawolo anayi" ali kale mawu omwe ali owona kapena ayi ndipo ali ndi chidziwitso cholakwika kapena chosayenerera. Mwachitsanzo: "Mitengo yonse ndi yobiriwira"; "Mbalame zina siziuluka"; "Palibe dolphin ndi nsomba"; "Zomera zina sizidya."

Chiweruzo cha kumanga chimapanga maziko omwe amaonedwa kuti ndi olondola. Izi zimakuthandizani kuti muzisunthira ku choonadi. Chiweruzo chimakupatsani inu kusonyeza kugwirizana pakati pa zochitika ndi zinthu kapena pakati pa katundu ndi makhalidwe. Mwachitsanzo: "Madzi amadziwika ngati mazira" - mawuwa amasonyeza mgwirizano pakati pa mulingo wa nkhani ndi kutentha. Izi zimatithandiza kukhazikitsa mgwirizano pakati pa malingaliro osiyanasiyana. Zilangizo zili ndi kutsimikizira kapena kukana kugwirizana pakati pa zochitika, zinthu, ndi zochitika. Mwachitsanzo, akamati: "Galimoto ikuyenda panyumba" - amatanthauza kugwirizana pakati pa zinthu ziwiri (galimoto ndi nyumba).

Zolingaliro ndi mawonekedwe a maganizo omwe ali ndi kutsimikizira kapena kukana kukhalako kwa zinthu (mfundo), komanso kugwirizana pakati pa zinthu kapena malingaliro, zinthu ndi zikhumbo zawo.

Fomu ya chiweruzo

Monga momwe kulibe kwina kulibe mawu kapena mawu osakanikirana, motero mawu sangathe kutanthauzidwa kunja. Pachifukwa ichi, palibe chiganizo chilichonse chomwe chimaperekedwa. Mawu aliwonse mu fomu ya chilankhulo amawonetsedwa mu mawonekedwe a mbiri omwe ali ndi uthenga wokhudza chinachake. Zosankha zomwe ziribe zolakwika kapena zovomerezeka (kufunsa ndi kukakamiza), ndiko kuti, zomwe sizingakhale zowona kapena zabodza, sizoweruza. Milandu yomwe imalongosola zochitika za m'tsogolomu sizingatheke kuwonetsa ngati mukunyenga mabodza kapena choonadi.

Ndipo apo pali zotsatila zotere, zomwe mwa mawonekedwe zimawoneka ngati funso kapena kufuula. Koma m'lingaliro iwo amati kapena amakana. Iwo amatchedwa olemba. Mwachitsanzo: "Kodi Russian sakonda kuyendetsa galimoto mwamsanga?" Kodi chiganizo chodandaula chotsutsana chimadalira maganizo a konkire. Chigamulo cha nkhaniyi chili ndi mawu akuti Russia aliyense amakonda kuyendetsa galimoto. Chimodzimodzinso chimapita ku ziganizo zozizwitsa: "Yesetsani kupeza chipale chofewa mu June!" Pankhaniyi, lingaliro la kusatheka kwa chigamulochi chikusimbidwa. Ntchito yomanga imeneyi ndi ndondomeko. Mofanana ndi ziganizo, ziweruzo zingakhale zophweka ndi zovuta.

Chikhalidwe cha ziweruzo

Mawu osavuta alibe gawo lina lomwe lingathe kusankhidwa. Mbali zake zikuluzikulu ndi zosavuta zigawo zikuluzikulu zomwe zimatchula mfundo. Kuchokera pampando wa semantic unit, chinthu chophweka ndicho kudziimira payekha komwe kumatanthauza tanthauzo.

Mawu ogwirizanitsa chinthu ndi chizindikiro chake ali ndi lingaliro loyamba ndi lachiwiri. Malingaliro a mtundu uwu ndi awa:

• Mawu owonetsa nkhani ya chiweruzo ndi nkhani yomwe imatchulidwa ndi kalata yachilatini S.
• Chidule - chimasonyeza mbali ya chinthucho, chimatchulidwa ndi kalata R.
• Gulu ndilo cholinga chogwirizanitsa mfundo ziwiri palimodzi ("," "ndi," "ayi," si "). Mu Chirasha, mungagwiritse ntchito dash kwa ichi.

  "Zinyama izi ndizilombo" ndizosavuta.

Mitundu ya ziweruzo

Mawu osavuta amagawidwa ndi:

• Ulemu;
• Chiwerengero (mwa mutu wa phunziro);
• Zomwe zili mu predicate;
• Makhalidwe abwino.

Zilangizo pa khalidwe

Chimodzi mwa zikuluzikulu, zofunikira zogwirizana ndi khalidwe. Chofunika kwambiri pa nkhaniyi chikuwonetseredwa kuti chimatha kuwulula kuti palibe kapena kukhalapo pakati pa malingaliro.

Malingana ndi khalidwe la mtolo wotere, mitundu iwiri ya chiweruzo imasiyanitsidwa:

• Kulimbikitsa. Amalongosola kukhalapo kwa mgwirizano wina pakati pa phunziroli ndi ndondomeko. Njira yowonjezereka yotsimikizira motero ndi: "S ndi P". Chitsanzo: "Dzuŵa ndi nyenyezi".
• Zoipa. Motero, zikusonyeza kuti palibe kugwirizana pakati pa mfundo (S ndi P). Chiweruzo cholakwika ndi "S si P". Mwachitsanzo: "Mbalame siziri zinyama."

Kugawidwa kumeneku ndi kosavuta, chifukwa mawu aliwonse obisika ali ndi kulephera. Ndipo mosiyana. Mwachitsanzo, mawu oti "nyanja iyi" amatanthauza kuti nkhaniyi si mtsinje, osati nyanja, ndi zina zotero. Ndipo ngati "iyi si nyanja," ndiye, mwina, mwina, nyanja kapena bay. Ndicho chifukwa chake mawu amodzi akhoza kufotokozedwa mwa mawonekedwe a wina, ndipo kulakwitsa kawiri kumagwirizana ndi mawu.

Maweruzo osiyanasiyana ovomerezeka

Ngati chidutswa "osati" sichingayime pamaso pa mtolo, koma ndi mbali yofunikira ya chidule, mawu oterewa amatchedwa kuti: "Chisankhocho chinali cholakwika". Pali mitundu iwiri:

• Malo abwino pamene "S ndi P": "Galuyo ndi apakhomo".
• Khalidwe loipa pamene "S si-P": "Soup stale".

Zolakwa zosiyana

Mofananamo, pakati pa mawu oipawa amadziwika:

• Ndi ndondomeko yabwino, chiganizo "S si P": "Olya sanadye apulo";
• Ndi mawu olakwika, chiganizo "S sichiri P": "Olya sangakhoze koma kupita."

Kufunika kwa kuweruzidwa molakwika ndikutenga nawo gawo pokwaniritsa choonadi. Amawonetsera cholinga chosowa chinachake kuchokera ku chinachake. N'zosadabwitsa kuti akunena kuti zotsatira zake zoipa ndi zotsatira zake. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa chinthu chomwe sichiri chinthu komanso makhalidwe omwe alibe nawo ndi kofunika kwambiri pakusinkhasinkha.

Zilangizo ndi nambala

Chikhalidwe china, chozikidwa podziwa zenizeni zenizeni za nkhaniyi, ndi kuchuluka kwake. Pali mitundu yotsatirayi:

• Osakwatira, ali ndi zambiri zokhudza phunziro limodzi. Fomu: "S ndi (osati) P".
• Padera - awa ndi omwe ali ndi chiweruzo chokhudza mbali ya zinthu za gulu lapadera. Malingana ndi chidziwitso cha gawo ili, iwo amasiyanitsa: ena ("S ena okha ndi (osati) P") ndi osatha ("Ena S ali (osati) P").
• Gululi liri ndi malingaliro kapena kunyalanyaza kwa phunziro lililonse la kalasi yomwe ili mu funso ("All S ndi P" kapena "Ayi S ndi P").

Zowonjezera ziweruzo

Mawu ambiri ali ndi malongosoledwe abwino komanso oyenerera. Kwa iwo, kagulu kamodzi kamagwiritsidwa ntchito. Izi zikupereka mitundu iwiri ya ziweruzo:

• General: "S S onse ndi P".
• Zowonongeka: "Palibe S ali P".
• Makamaka ovomerezeka: "Ena S ali P".
• Zoipa zapakati: "Ena S sali P".

Zigawidwe zosiyanasiyana pa zomwe zili mndandanda

Malinga ndi katundu wokhudzana ndi chiwerengero cha mawu, ziganizo zimapangidwa:

• Zida, kapena kupereka;
• Ubale, kapena ubale;
• Kukhalapo, kapena kukhalapo.

Maweruzo osavuta omwe amavumbula kugwirizana pakati pazinthu zamaganizo, mosasamala za zomwe zili, zimatchedwa kuti ndizochita, kapena kuti ndizogawa. Mwachitsanzo: "Palibe amene ali ndi ufulu wotenga moyo wa wina". Ndondomeko yolingalira yolankhula: "S ndi (kapena ayi) P" (phunziro, mtolo, predicate, motsatira).

Zolinga zotsutsana ndizomwe malemba akunena kukhalapo kapena kusakhala paubwenzi (pakati) pa zinthu ziwiri kapena zingapo m'magulu osiyanasiyana (nthawi, malo, kudalira). Mwachitsanzo: "Petya anabwera kale kuposa Vasya".

Ngati ulosiwo ukuwonetsa kuti palibe kugwirizana kapena kukhalapo kwa kugwirizana pakati pa zinthu kapena chinthu chodziyesa palokha, mawu oterewa amatchedwa existenceential. Pano mndandanda ukufotokozedwa ndi mawu: "pali / si", "anali / sanali", "alipo / palibe" ndi zina zotero. Chitsanzo: "Palibe utsi wopanda moto".

Mkhalidwe wa chiweruzo

Kuphatikiza pa zomwe zilipo, mawuwo akhoza kunyamula katundu wambiri. Mothandizidwa ndi mawu akuti "zotheka", "osayenerera", "ofunika" ndi ena, komanso kulephera kusagwirizana "kosaloledwa", "kosatheka" ndi ena, mchitidwe wa chiweruzo ukuwonetsedwa.

Pali mitundu yotereyi:

• The aletic (zoona) modality. Amasonyeza kugwirizana pakati pa zinthu zomwe amaganiza. Mawu amodzi: "zotheka", "mwangozi", "zofunikira", komanso mafananidwe awo.
• Deontic (normative) modality. Kufotokoza makhalidwe a makhalidwe. Mawu: "oletsedwa", "ofunika", "ololedwa", "ololedwa" ndi zina zotero.
• Chidziwitso chodziwikiratu chimaimira kukula kwake ("kutsimikiziridwa", "kusatsutsika", "kukayika" ndi ziganizo zawo).
• Axiological (mtengo) moyenera. Kuwonetsa maganizo a munthuyo pa mfundo iliyonse. Mawu amodzi: "zoipa", "osayanjanitsika", "osafunika", "abwino."

Kuwonetsera kwa chiyanjano ndi zomwe zili mwa kuvomerezedwa kwa mkhalidwe, zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi mkhalidwe wamalingaliro, zimatanthauzidwa ngati ndondomeko yofufuza. Mwachitsanzo: "Tsoka, mvula". Pachifukwa ichi, mtima wodzipereka wa wokamba nkhaniyo kuti mvula ikuwonetseredwa.

Maonekedwe a mawu ovuta

Maweruzo ovuta amakhala ophweka, ogwirizanitsa pamodzi mgwirizano wogwirizana. Mitsewu yofanana imagwiritsidwa ntchito monga mgwirizano womwe ukhoza kuphatikiza ziganizo wina ndi mzake. Kuwonjezera pa zomangiriza zomveka, zomwe mu Russian zili ndi mgwirizano wa mgwirizanowu, zilembo zimagwiritsidwabe ntchito. Iwo amabwera mu mitundu iwiri:

• Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ponena kuti "common" ndi "onse", "aliyense", "palibe", "aliyense" ndi zina zotero. Malingaliro amtundu uwu akuwoneka ngati awa: "Zonse zili ndi malo enaake."
• Chiwerengero cha kukhalapo ndi mawu akuti "ena," "ambiri," "pang'ono," "ambiri," ndi zina zotero. Mndandanda wa chiganizo chovuta pa nkhani iyi: "Pali zinthu zina zomwe zimakhala ndi katundu".

Chitsanzo cha chiweruzo chovuta: "M'mawa kwambiri tambala akulira, anandilutsa, kotero sindinagone mokwanira."

Chiweruzo

Kukhoza kumanga mawu kumabwera kwa munthu yemwe ali ndi msinkhu, pang'onopang'ono. Pafupifupi zaka zitatu mwanayo akhoza kale kutchula ziganizo zosavuta kunena chinachake. Kumvetsetsa kwa mgwirizanowu wodalirika, mgwirizano wa magalama, ndizofunikira komanso kukhala okwanira pa chiweruzo choyenera pa nthawi ina. Pokonzekera chitukuko, munthu amaphunzira kuti azitha kudziwa zambiri. Izi zimamulola iye, pogwiritsa ntchito ziganizo zosavuta, kumanga zovuta.