Zachilengedwe a chimasanduka: makhalidwe onse ndi ntchito

Iwo ananena kuti mwachibadwa zikuchitika chimasanduka ambiri. zinthu kwambiri organic anachokera ku zinthu zachilengedwe. Pa kaphatikizidwe wa mankhwala organic monga zipangizo ntchito mpweya zachilengedwe ndipo motsatana, malasha, lignite, mafuta shale, peat, mankhwala a nyama ndi chiyambi masamba.

zachilengedwe a chimasanduka: mpweya achilengedwe.

Natural mpweya - osakaniza chilengedwe cha chimasanduka dongosolo osiyanasiyana ndi ena mpweya zosafunika (sulfide wa hydrogen, wa hydrogen, mpweya woipa) wodzala ndi thanthwe thanthwe kutumphuka dziko lapansi. mankhwala awa anapanga ndi hydrolysis wa mankhwala organic pa kuya wamkulu mu makulidwe a Dziko Lapansi. Zidzachitika mu boma ufulu mu mawonekedwe a masango yaikulu - gasi, mafuta condensate ndi minda mafuta ndi gasi.

Waukulu structural chigawo chimodzi cha mafuta kuyaka zachilengedwe ndi CH4 (dziko - 98%), C2H6 (ethane - 4,5%), propane (1.7% S3N8-), byuteni (C4H10 - 0,8%), pentane (0 S5N12- , 6%). Zokhudzana mafuta mpweya m'gulu la mafuta zikuchokera mu boma kusungunuka ndipo anamasulidwa izo chifukwa kuchepetsa kuthamanga pa kukweza mafuta pamwamba. M'minda gasi, mafuta tani imodzi mafuta limapangidwa kuchokera 30 mpaka 300 sq. mamita mpweya. zachilengedwe a chimasanduka - mafuta wapatali ndi zipangizo za makampani organic kaphatikizidwe. Gasi umaperekedwa kwa zomera mafuta processing, kumene recyclable (mafuta, otsika kutentha kumamatira, condensation, ndi rectification). Iwo agawidwa zigawo zosiyana, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zifukwa zina. Mwachitsanzo, dziko opangidwa wa hydrogen, kaphatikizidwe gasi, ndizo zofunika zopangira yopangira chimasanduka zina, acetylene, methanol, methanal, chloroform.

zachilengedwe a chimasanduka: mafuta.

Mafuta - osakaniza zovuta, chomwe makamaka a naphthenic, paraffinic ndi chimasanduka onunkhira. The mafuta zikuchokera limapangidwa phula-utomoni wonunkhira zinthu, asidi naphthenic, mono- ndi disulfides, mercaptans, thiophene, thiophane, sulfide wa hydrogen, piperidine, pyridine ndi homologs ake, komanso zinthu zina. Yachokera pa malonda a mafuta zo ndi thandizo la petrochemical kaphatikizidwe njira analandira pa 3000 zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo ethylene, benzene, propylene, ethylene dichloride, vinilu enaake, styrene, Mowa, isopropanol, butylene, osiyanasiyana mapulasitiki, ulusi kupanga, utoto, detergents, mankhwala, mabomba, etc.

zachilengedwe a chimasanduka peat.

Peat - ndi chitayiko chiyambi masamba. Nkhanizi ntchito ngati mafuta (makamaka kwa zomera mphamvu), mankhwala zipangizo (kwa kaphatikizidwe wa zinthu zambiri organic), usawonongeke zinyalala pa minda makamaka nkhuku, chigawo fetereza kwa maluwa ndi cropping.

zachilengedwe a chimasanduka: xylem, kapena mtengo.

Xylem - minofu ya zomera apamwamba, umene madzi ndi kusungunuka zakudya kubwera kwa mizu ndi masamba a dongosolo, komanso ziwalo zina za mbewu. Amakhala ndi chipolopolo ouma ya maselo ndi mtima dongosolo introducer. Malinga mtundu wa matabwa muli milingo yosiyanasiyana ya pectin zinthu ndi mankhwala mchere (makamaka kashiamu salt), lipids ndi mafuta n'kofunika. Wood ntchito nkhuni, akhoza apanga mowa methyl, atsetantnuyu asidi, mapadi, ndi zinthu zina. Mitundu ina ya mitengo kupereka utoto (sandalwood, winawake), tannins (thundu), resins ndi balsams (mkungudza, paini, Oil), alkaloids (zomera za banja Solanaceae, poppy, Ranunculaceae, Umbelliferae). Ena alkaloids ntchito ngati mankhwala (chitin, tiyi kapena khofi), herbicides (anabasine), tizirombo (chikonga).