Isoamyl mowa

Mankhwala a monohydric mowa, omwe amodzi mwa asanu ndi atatu a pentanol, ndi isoamyl mowa (mankhwalawa - C5H11OH, zomveka - (CH3) 2CHCH2CHOH, ndipo amadziwika - C5H12O). Dzina loyenera la chinthu ichi ndi 3-methylbutanol-1. Mayina ena odziwika ndi isopentanol (Isopentanol) ndi isobutyl carbinol (Isobutylcarbinol).

Mowa wambiri wa mowa ndi 88.148 g / mol. Maonekedwe ndikumveka kosautsa, koyera, kopanda mtundu wowoneka bwino kuposa madzi. Kuchuluka kwa mankhwala oyera pa 20 ° C ndi 0.8104 g / cm3. Isopentanol imasungunuka pamtunda wosachepera 117.2 ° C, zithupsa palimodzi 131.1 ° C. Izoamilovy mowa umaphatikizapo chiwerengero cha zizindikiro zitatu za mowa wauchidakwa, zomwe ziri bwino kuposa zina zomwe zinasungunuka m'madzi. Kukhazikika kwake m'madzi kufika pa 28 g / l. Miscible ndi acetone, diethyl ether, ethanol, benzene, chloroform, acetic acid (ayezi). Mowa wochuluka kwambiri wa mowa ndi 3,692 mPa.s. Isopentanol ndi mankhwala owopsa kwambiri (ichi ndi madzi otentha). Kuphulika kwake ndi 1.2-9%, tsamba lowala ndilophatikiza 42 ° C, kudzipereka - kuphatikizapo 350 ° C.

Isopentanol ndilo gawo lalikulu la mafuta a mafuta (amapangidwira popanga mowa), kumene amapezeka. Katswiri wa zakumwa zoledzeretsa ndikutentha zowonjezera pofuna kuchotsa magawo a kuwala (ayandotropic ethanol-madzi osakanikirana amachotsedwa poyamba, ndiye, ndi kutentha kwakukulu, mabotolo a azeotrope). Kuwonjezera Kutentha mu evaporator kumalola kudzipatula isoamyl mowa, ndi otsala katundu wochepa amatumizidwa ku zinyalala. Kusintha magawo a ndondomeko zamakono (kutentha ndi ena) zimayendera ubwino wa mankhwala omaliza. Zotsatira zake, isopentanol imapezeka ndi magawo ambiri a 3-methylbutanol-1 mpaka 99.0% (malinga ndi GOST 5830-79) kapena 80% (malinga ndi TU 2421-004-20992222-98).

Pamaso pa chothandizira, chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito sulfuric acid, isoamyl mowa amakhudzidwa ndi glacial acetic acid. The equation ingalembedwe mu mawonekedwe otsatirawa: C5H11OH + CH3COOH → C7H14O2 + H2O. Izi zimakhala ndi mayina awiri: Fischer reaction kapena esterification reaction. Chifukwa chake, ester (isoamyl acetate) ndi madzi zimapezeka. Monga zitsulo zopangidwira, zowonongeka zowonongeka zingagwiritsidwe ntchito mmalo mwa sulfuric acid. Isoamyl acetate ndikumveka kokometsera kamene kamagwiritsidwa ntchito popatsa nthochi ku zakudya. Kuphatikiza apo, imakhala ngati zosungunulira zina za nitrocellulose varnishes, yogwiritsidwa ntchito (pheromone) kukopa magulu akuluakulu a njuchi ku malo ochepa. Chifukwa cha fungo lake lopweteka kwambiri komanso losaopsa, isoamyl acetate amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyesa mpweya wabwino kapena mpweya wa maski.

Izoamilovy mowa ndi mankhwala, ndi poizoni. Mpweya wake umakwiyitsa timadzi timene timapuma, tomwe timayambitsa kutaya thupi komanso kukhwima. Ndizoopsa ngati zamezedwa kapena zowonjezereka. Zingayambitse kupanikizika kwa kayendedwe kabwino ka mitsempha. Njira yapakati ya mitsempha, mapapo, maso, ndi khungu zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi poizoni wa mowa. Kuyanjana kwa nthawi yaitali kapena mobwerezabwereza kumapangitsa kuti khungu liume. Chifukwa cha kumeza, kupsa mtima kwa tsamba la m'mimba kumachitika ndi kunyoza, kusanza ndi kutsekula m'mimba. Kulowa m'mapapu kumayambitsa mankhwala a pneumonitis ndi zotsatira zake zoipa. Zotsatira za mankhwala osokoneza bongo zimakhala ndi zizindikiro: kumutu, kufooka, chizungulire, kutaya chidziwitso. Chifukwa chake, wogwidwayo akhoza kugwa mu coma.

Ngati isoamyl mowa walowa m'maso, amatsukidwa kwa nthawi yaitali (mphindi 15) ndi madzi ambiri ndikupempha thandizo lachipatala. Ngati zifika pakhungu, malowa amatsukidwa ndi madzi ambiri. Chotsani zovala ndi nsapato zonyansa. Ngati kukwiya kumakula ndipo sikudutsa, ndiye funsani dokotala. Zovala ziyenera kutsukidwa musanagwiritsirenso ntchito. Ngati wameza, mwamsanga mwalandira mankhwala. Kuwombera sikungayambe kupatula ngati atauzidwa kuti achite chomwecho ndi dokotala. Munthu amene wataya chidziwitso sakupatsidwa chilichonse pakamwa. Ngati kusanza kumachitika mwachibadwa, ndiye kuti wogwidwayo akuyendetsedwa patsogolo. Poizoni ndi ululu wa isoamyl mowa, wodwalayo amatengedwa kupita ku mpweya wabwino. Ngati sakupuma, chitani kupuma kokwanira. Ngati kupuma kuli kovuta, mpweya umaperekedwa. Kusamalidwa ndi koyenera! Dokotala amatipatsa mankhwala opatsirana komanso othandiza.