Kodi mphamvu yokoka ndi yotani?

Tsiku lotsegulira (kutulukira) kwa mafunde akugunda ndi February 11, 2016. Pomwepo, pamsonkhanowu ku Washington, atsogoleri a mgwirizano wa LIGO adalengeza kuti gulu lofufuzira linatha kulembetsa chodabwitsa ichi kwa nthawi yoyamba m'mbiri ya anthu.

Maulosi a Einstein wamkulu

Albert Einstein analongosola kuti mafunde amatha kukhalapo, kumayambiriro kwa zaka zapitazo (1916), mkati mwa chiganizo cha General of Relativity (GRT) chomwe chinapangidwa ndi iye. Zimangokhala zodabwitsa ndi luso laumunthu wa filosofi wotchuka, yemwe, mosachepera deta yeniyeni, adatha kupeza mfundo zazikuluzikuluzi. Pakati pa zochitika zina zambiri zomwe zatsimikiziridwa zomwe zinatsimikiziridwa m'zaka za zana lotsatira (kuchepetsa kuchepa kwa nthawi, kusintha kayendetsedwe ka kuwala kwa magetsi pamagetsi, ndi zina zotero), sizinatheke kuzindikira kuti kupezeka kwa thupili kulipo mpaka posachedwapa.

Mphamvu yokoka ndi chinyengo?

Kawirikawiri, mothandizidwa ndi chiphunzitso cha kugwirizana, mphamvu yokoka ndi yovuta kuitcha mphamvu. Izi ndi zotsatira za kusokonezeka kapena kupotoza kwa nthawi yopuma. Chitsanzo chabwino, kufotokoza izi, chimatha kukhala ngati minofu yowongoka. Pansi pa kulemera kwa chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimayikidwa pamtunda, kudandaula kumapangidwa. Zinthu zina zosuntha pafupi ndi zovutazi zidzasintha kayendedwe ka kayendetsedwe kawo, ngati "kukopa". Ndipo kulemera kwake kwa chinthucho (chachikulu kwambiri ndi kupindika kwapakati), kumakhala "mphamvu yokopa". Iyo ikasuntha pa nsalu, munthu amatha kuona kuoneka kwa "kugwedezeka" kosiyana.

Zofanana ndizo zimachitika mu malo adziko. Nkhani iliyonse yofulumira kwambiri yogwedezeka imayambitsa kusinthasintha kwa malo ndi nthawi. Zokometsera mawonekedwe ndi yaikulu matalikidwe, amapangidwa ndi matupi ndi lalikulu kwambiri masses kapena pamene akusuntha ndi yaikulu accelerations.

Zizindikiro za thupi

Kusintha kwa nthawi yachinyengo kumadziwonetsera nokha ngati kusintha kwa masewera. Chodabwitsa ichi chimatchedwanso kuti nthawi yamadontho. Mavutowa amakhudza matupi ndi zinthu zomwe zimakumana nazo, kuzikakamiza ndi kuzitambasula. Makhalidwe abwinowa ndi ofunika kwambiri - a dongosolo la 10 ^-21 la kukula koyambirira. Vuto lonse lopeza chodabwitsa ichi ndilo kuti ochita kafukufuku adafunika kuphunzira momwe angayezere ndikulemba kusintha koteroko pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zoyenera. Mphamvu ya mphamvu yokoketsa ndi yochepa kwambiri - ponseponse dzuwa liri ndi kilowatts angapo.

Kuthamanga kwa kufalikira kwa mafunde akugwiritsidwa ntchito mopanda malire chifukwa cha zinthu zomwe zimapangidwira. Matalikidwe a zozizwitsa ndi mtunda kuchokera ku gwero pang'onopang'ono amachepetsedwa, koma samafikira zero. Nthawi zambiri zimayambira pa makumi khumi mpaka mazana ambiri. Kufulumira kwa mafunde amphamvu mumaseŵera opakati akuyandikira kufulumira kwa kuwala.

Umboni wosadziwika

Kwa nthawi yoyamba kutsimikiziridwa kwapadera kwa kukhalapo kwa mafunde a mphamvu yokoka kunawunikira ndi Joseph Taylor ndi mthandizi wake Russell Huls mu 1974. Kufufuza zojambula zakuthambo ndi telescope ya radio ya Arecibo Observatory (Puerto Rico), ochita kafukufuku anapeza pulsar PSR B1913 + 16, yomwe ndi nyenyezi ziwiri za nyenyezi zozungulira zomwe zimayendera pakati pa malo omwe anthu ambiri amakhala nawo. Chaka ndi chaka, nthawi yoyendayenda, yomwe ili maola 3.75, imachepetsedwa ndi 70 ms. Izi zimakhala zogwirizana ndi zogwirizana ndi kugwirizana kwa mgwirizano wadziko lonse, zomwe zikulosera kuwonjezeka kofulumira kwa kayendetsedwe ka zinthu zotere chifukwa cha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mphamvu panthawi ya mafunde. Pambuyo pake, ma pulsars angapo awiri ndi azungu oyera omwe ali ndi khalidwe lomwelo adapezeka. Kwa akatswiri a zakuthambo a zailesi D. Taylor ndi R. Hals mu 1993 adapatsidwa mphoto ya Nobel mu Physics kuti apeze mwayi watsopano wophunzira masewera.

Mpulumutsi wothamanga

Ndemanga yoyamba yokhudzana ndi mafunde a mphamvu yokoka anachokera kwa asayansi wa University of Maryland, Joseph Weber (USA) mu 1969. Pachifukwa ichi, adagwiritsa ntchito mapuloteni awiri omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mwapangidwe wake. Chojambulira chojambulira chinali chojambulidwa chokhala ndi mamita awiri wamitala okhala ndi aluminium, omwe ali ndi masensa ofunika kwambiri a piezoelectric. Zikuoneka kuti matalikidwe omwe tinakonza ndi Weber oscillations anali oposa mamiliyoni ochuluka kuposa momwe ankayembekezera. Kuyesedwa kwa asayansi ena pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zofananako kuti abwereze "kupambana" kwa sayansi ya sayansi ya ku America sizinabweretse zotsatira zabwino. Patapita zaka zingapo, ntchito ya Weber kudera lino inapezeka yosasamala, koma inachititsa kuti pakhale "zovuta" zomwe zinakopeka akatswiri ambiri pa kafukufukuyu. Mwa njirayi, Joseph Weber mwiniwake mpaka kumapeto kwa masiku ake anali otsimikiza kuti iye anali kutenga mafunde ovuta.

Kupititsa patsogolo zipangizo zozilandira

Mzaka za m'ma 70s, wasayansi Bill Fairbank (USA) adapanga mapangidwe a antenna atakulungidwa ndi heliamu yamadzi pogwiritsa ntchito SQUIDs - ultrasensitive magnetometers. Zida zamakono zomwe zinalipo panthawiyo sizinalole kuti wogwira ntchitoyo awonetse kuti mankhwala ake anagwiritsidwa ntchito mu "zitsulo".

Pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo imeneyi, mphamvu yokoka ya Auriga imapangidwa ku National Lloyary Laboratory (Padua, Italy). Mpangidwewo umachokera ku silinda yamagetsi ya magnesiamu, mamita atatu kutalika ndi 0.6 mamita awiri. Chida cholandilira cholemera matani 2.3 chikuyimitsidwa m'chipinda chotsala chotsala chomwe chatsekedwa pafupi ndi zero zonse. Kukonzekera ndi kuzindikira majitter, resonator yothandizira kilogalamu komanso mawonekedwe a makompyuta amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kutchuka kwa zidazo ndi 10 ^-20 .

Interferometers

Maziko a kuyendetsa kusokonekera kwa mawonekedwe a mafunde akugwirizanitsa ndi ofanana ndi mfundo zomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi interrelometer ya Michelson. Dothi laser lamasulidwa ndi gwero lagawanika kukhala mitsinje iwiri. Pambuyo poyang'ana maulendo ambiri ndikuyenda pa mapewa a chipangizocho, mitsinje imasonkhanitsidwanso, ndikuweruzidwa ndi chiwonetsero chachisokonezocho, imayesedwa ngati zowonongeka (mwachitsanzo, zovuta) zimakhudza njira ya kuwala. Zida zoterezi zapangidwa m'mayiko ambiri:

• GEO 600 (Hannover, Germany). Kutalika kwa makina otchinga ndi mamita 600.
• TAMA (Japan) ali ndi mapewa pa mamita 300.
• VIRGO (Pisa, Italy) ndi ntchito yogwirizana ya Franco-Italy yomwe inayamba mu 2007 ndi makilomita atatu.
• LIGO (USA, Pacific Coast), yomwe ikutsogolera kusaka kwa mafunde a mphamvu yokoka kuchokera mu 2002.

Otsatira ayenera kuganiziridwa mwatsatanetsatane.

LIGO Advanced

Ntchitoyi inakhazikitsidwa pamayambiriro a asayansi ochokera ku bungwe la zamakono la Massachusetts ndi California. Zimaphatikizapo mawonedwe awiri, osiyana ndi makilomita 3,000, ku Louisiana ndi Washington (mizinda ya Livingston ndi Hanford) ndi ma interferometer atatu ofanana. Kutalika kwa makonzedwe amtundu wa perpendicular ndi mamita 4,000. Izi ndizokulu kwambiri zomwe zilipo panthawiyi. Mpaka chaka cha 2011, kuyesa kwapadera kuyesa mafunde osagonjetsa. Zomwe zinayendetsedwa bwino kwambiri (Advanced LIGO) zinachulukitsa mphamvu zogwiritsira ntchito zipangizo 300-500 Hz ndi zoposa kasanu, komanso m'madera otsika kwambiri (mpaka 60 Hz) mwachidziwitso chokwanira, kufika phindu ^lokhumba la 10 ^-21 . Ntchito yatsopanoyi inayamba mu September 2015, ndipo khama la ogwira ntchito oposa chikwi linapindula ndi zotsatira.

Mafunde amphamvu amadziwika

Pa September 14, 2015 mawonekedwe abwino a LIGO okhala ndi mphindi zisanu ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri (7 ms) amawonetsa mafunde amphamvu omwe adabwera padziko lathu lapansi kuchokera ku chinthu chachikulu kwambiri chomwe chinachitika pamphepete mwa dziko lapansi lomwe likuwonedwa - kusakanikirana kwa mabowo awiri akuluakulu wakuda ndi masisiti 29 ndi 36 kuchuluka kwa dzuwa. Panthawiyi, yomwe inachitika zaka 1,3 biliyoni zapitazo, pafupifupi maulendo atatu a dzuwa anagwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa cha mafunde a mphamvu yokoka m'mbali mwachiwiri. Mawindo oyambirira a mavitamini anali 35 Hz, ndipo mtengo wapamwamba kwambiri unkafika 250 Hz.

Zotsatira zomwe anazipeza zinkabwerezedwa mobwerezabwereza kuti zitsimikizidwe ndi kusinthidwa, ndipo kutanthauzira kwina kwa deta yomwe anaipeza kunadulidwa mosamala. Potsirizira pake, pa 11 February chaka chatha, kulembetsa mwachindunji kwa zochitika zomwe Einstein ananeneratu zinalengezedwa kwa anthu a padziko lapansi.

Mfundo yomwe ikuwonetsa ntchito ya titanic ya ofufuza: kukula kwake kwa mikono ya interferometers kunali 10 ^-19 mamita - mtengowu ndi wochepa kwambiri kuposa kukula kwa atomu, pamene uli wochepa kuposa lalanje wokha.

Zowonjezereka

Kupeza kumeneku kukutsimikiziranso kuti Chiphunzitso Chachiwiri cha Kugwirizana sizongokhala zokhazokha zowonongeka, koma maganizo atsopano a mawonekedwe a mphamvu ndi mphamvu yokoka.

Pofufuza zambiri, asayansi amakhulupirira zambiri pa ntchito ya ELSA: kulengedwa kwa interferometer yaikulu yamtunduwu yomwe ili ndi mapaundi okwana 5 miliyoni, yomwe imatha kuona ngakhale zovuta zazing'ono zowonongeka. Kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito motere kumatha kudziwitsa zambiri za magawo akuluakulu a chitukuko cha chilengedwe chonse, zomwe zikuchitika, zomwe machitidwe awo ali ovuta kapena osatheka. Mosakayikira, mabowo wakuda, omwe mafunde akugwedezeka adzakonzedweratu m'tsogolomu, adzanena zambiri za chikhalidwe chawo.

Kuti muphunzire zochitika zapadera zomwe zimatha kufotokozera za nthawi yoyamba ya dziko lathu pambuyo pa Big Bang, zida zowonjezera zowonjezera zidzafunika. ), но его реализация, по заверениям специалистов, возможна не ранее, чем через 30-40 лет. Ntchito imeneyi ilipo ( Big Bang Observer ), koma kutsata kwake, malinga ndi akatswiri, sikutheka kale kuposa zaka 30-40.