Wachiwiri dzanja kope: kodi ndi dzulo ndi lero

Ngakhale imfa ya ambiri bwino kuwerenga udindo m'dziko lathu mu dziko, mbadwa musatisiye kwathunthu ndi mabuku ndi kuwerenga. Koma si onse kudziwa kuti pali gulu la mabuku yakale yoyendera ndi wachiwiri dzanja.

Pakuti layman ziri kovuta kusiyanitsa pakati pa mfundo ziwirizi. Ndipo funso zambiri lakuti: "kale kope - ndichiyani?" Yankho kwa ici ndi losavuta: kwa wachiwiri dzanja Mabaibulo ndi amene zaka sichimaperekedwa kwa chizindikiro makumi asanu chaka (ochuluka ake kwa nthawi yosindikiza). Ndipo si monga za mabuku, komanso periodicals ndipo ngakhale mapositi kadi. Choncho, yakale yoyendera mabuku - buku lake zaka pamwamba chilemba anati.

A ochepa mfundo zosangalatsa

Kusonkhanitsa mabuku yachiwiri dzanja - ndi chizolowezi ambiri, umene unayamba mu akale France. XVI atumwi inali nthawi ya kuyendera dziko lino, woyamba yachiwiri dzanja m'masitolo. Kwa nthawi yaitali sanabwere mu mutu wake unagawanika yachiwiri dzanja ndi mabuku yakale yoyendera. Zosiyanasiyana za incunabula ndi zatsopano anayamba m'zaka za m'ma XIX, mogwirizana ndi kuwonjezeka mu kupanga buku ndi kupezeka kwa zipangizo kusindikizidwa.

Komanso, inu mukhoza anena kuti panali yachiwiri dzanja buku yosindikiza ku Russia. Kutchulidwa kwa malonda a mabuku akale angapezeke mu zaka XVI-XVIII. Komabe, ankagwiritsa ntchito mabuku Russia wakhala tangoyamba kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XIX.

Mwa njira, chimango malamulo m'mayiko ambiri zikuphatikizapo zomwe kulola ntchito yachiwiri dzanja. Chilolezo kwa iye mu Russia zotchulidwa Article 1272 ya Civil Code wa wachiwiri.

Bookseller = ine?

Kuchokera fixation loyamba la mawu akuti "ankagulitsa" mu dikishonare timakumana 1835, koma izi zinali kulanda tanthauzo yopapatiza akuti: unali hucksters zazing'ono wosinthana ndalama amene asinthane, anagula, anagulitsa kapena anasinthanitsa wakale, wachiwiri dzanja mabuku.

Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma mu "dikishonale chofunika," amapatsidwa mawu akuti "mabuku kulisindikiza." Koma sanathe kwathunthu kudali phindu zosiyana. Choncho, ngati panali funso: "kale kope - icho chiri," ndipo tinayankhula za m'buku ntchito ndi akale.

nthawi yafika, ndipo anayamba kupanga yachiwiri dzanja gulu, Catalogs, mndandanda mtengo, ophunzitsira ndi zipangizo zolimbana. Inali pa nthawi imeneyi panali kufunika kusiyana pakati pa mfundo. Ndipo mawu akuti "mabuku kusindikiza" unali wolunjika kwa zoti zosiyanasiyana lonse la mankhwala, umene uli kukonzanso kufalitsidwa. Motero, funso tanthauzo kope yachiwiri dzanja, chikuonekera.

Kodi pamwamba-wa-kusindikiza zopereka?

Kudalira ndalama zochepa Sikuti pamene deta. Limited kotheka ndithu zaka perestroika. Kenako anaganiza kuti amuchotsepo mabuku akale. Iwo anawatengera ku stacks wa bins. Palibe ankaganiza kuti patapita zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri, iwo adzayamikiridwa. Ndipo mu 2000s, anthu anali ndi mwayi kulandira ufulu toyesa lofunika kwambiri: kuti zosinthika laibulale ndalama ake anayamba kuchotsa mabuku akale. Kwa anthu ambiri lerolino amamvetsa kope kale - kodi ndi chomwe iwo ali ofunika. Choncho, povomera kugulitsa zosonkhanitsira wake, kawirikawiri Musaone mtengo wa mabuku.

Purchase mabuku yachiwiri dzanja

Popeza dongosolo kugula mabuku ntchito, mukhoza kukaona misika buku ndi wachiwiri dzanja masitolo (kapena mabungwe onse okhudzidwa Mabukunso wamba), apadera Internet malo. Mmodzi wa iwo ndi sitolo Intaneti OZON.ru. Pachiyambi cha chigawo chitukuko yogwira "Ntchito mabuku" pa gwero izi ndi za theka lachiwiri la 2001. Pa siteji yoyamba ya osiyanasiyana mabuku amenewa yosiyanasiyana. Ife olamuliridwa makamaka Albums luso ndi Mipikisano buku.

ndi wachiwiri dzanja kope pa "Amazon" masiku ano? Izi zosiyanasiyana kwambiri m'madera thematic: zojambulajambula, luso, zaumunthu, zopeka ndi mabuku ana. Mukhoza osati kupeza chidwi kuti m'buku, kuwona momwe icho chikuwonekera, komanso kuti timudziwe bwino kufotokoza ake, mtundu dzina la yofalitsa, yomwe anamasulidwa, ndi zina zotero D..

amene chidwi ndi yankho ku funso lakuti: "kale kope - ndichiyani pa "Mpweya umene"? ", mukhoza kuona gawo zogwirizana pa webusaiti ya sitolo.