Jean Baptiste Lamarck: nkhani yachidule. Chiphunzitso chosinthika cha Jean Baptiste Lamarck ndi zomwe adathandizira pa chitukuko cha sayansi

Jean Baptiste Lamarque, yemwe mbiri yake yaying'ono idzafufuzidwa ndi ife, ndiye wasayansi woyamba amene adalenga chiphunzitso chofunikira cha zamoyo. Komabe, nayenso ali ndi zozizwitsa zina zambiri, zomwe sadziwika. Kodi mukudziwa mfundo yofunikira yomwe Jean Baptiste Lamarque adayambitsa sayansi? Biology ndi mawu omwe asayansi uyu adafuna mu 1802. Kuonjezera apo, iye adagawaniza ziwetozo kuti zikhale zamoyo zosawerengeka. Timakupatsani inu kuti mudziwe bwino moyo ndi zochitika za asayansi wotchuka monga Jean Baptiste Lamarque. Mbiri yachidule ya iye idzakupatsani lingaliro lachidziwitso cha sayansi iyi ya sayansi.

Chiyambi, ubwana

JB Lamarck (zaka za moyo - 1744-1829) anabadwira mu nyumba ya banja, ku Picardie (France). Makolo ake anali apamwamba apamwamba. Iwo ankafuna kuti awone mwana wawo ngati wansembe, kotero iwo anazindikira Lamarck ngati sukulu ya Achiesititi. Tsogolo lake linasintha pambuyo pa imfa ya abambo ake. Ali ndi zaka 16, adasiya sukulu ndikudzipereka kwa gulu la asilikali a Jean Baptiste Lamarque. Mbiri yachidule ya zaka zingapo zapitazi zikugwirizana ndi ntchito ya usilikali.

Utumiki wa asilikali ndi mankhwala

Panthawi ya nkhondo ya zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri anasonyezera kulimba mtima pa nkhondo ndi a Prussia. Mkaziyo anadzipangira apolisi omwe kale anali ophunzira a Yesuit. Komabe, ntchito ya usilikali, inayamba mozizwitsa, komanso mwauzimu, Lamarck sanakope. Wasayansi wamtsogolo adaganiza zopuma pantchito. Patapita kanthawi anayamba kuphunzira mankhwala mumzinda wa French Jean Baptiste Lamarque. Mbiri yachidule ya iye ikupitirira ku Paris, kumene Lamarcke ankakopeka ndi sayansi, makamaka zomera.

"Flora wa ku France"

Wasayansi wina waluso komanso wogwira ntchito mwakhama, ataphunzira kwa zaka zingapo, anapanga ntchito zambiri m'mabuku atatu. Ntchito "Flora wa France" inatchedwa. Mu ntchitoyi, zomera zambiri zimalongosola, ndipo palinso ndondomeko momwe mungawazindikire. Ntchitoyi inadzitamandira kwa asayansi woyamba, amene anali panthawiyo Jean Baptiste Lamarque. Mbiri ya Jean Baptiste imadziwika ndi mamembala ku Paris Academy of Sciences. Anapatsidwa kwa iye kuti apindule. Mu sukuluyi, Jean Baptiste Lamarque anapitiliza kugwira ntchito mu botani. Zolemba zake, komabe, sikuti zimangophunzira chabe.

Jean Baptiste akukhala katswiri wa zamoyo

Pamene Jean Batista anali ndi zaka 50, mu 1793, ntchito yake ya sayansi inasintha kwambiri. Lamarck anagwira ntchito ku Royal Botanical Garden, yomwe idasinthidwa nthawiyi kupita ku Museum of Natural History. Mu nyumba yosungiramo zamalonda panalibe madokotala opanda ufulu a botani, kotero wasayansi anaitanidwa kukachita zamoyo. Pambuyo pa zaka 10, Lamarck anakhala yemweyo mlimi muno, pamene anali akuphunzira zomera.

Ntchito zatsopano za Batista

Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18, chitukuko cha sayansi chinafika pa siteji pamene botani, thupi ndi chilengedwe zinapindula kwambiri. Zonsezi, malangizowo adapezeka kokha kwa akatswiri. Lamarck, poyesa kuteteza sayansi ya kugawidwa kukhala mafakitale osiyana ndi kusunga mgwirizano umene ulipo pakati pawo, inapanga ntchito zingapo. Mwa iwo, iye ankawona momwe geology, biology, chemistry, fizikiki, ndi zina zotero.

Ntchito yoyamba inayamba mu 1794. Zimapereka kulingalira za mphamvu ndi mphamvu. Ntchitoyi imatchedwa "Kufufuzira zazimene zimayambitsa zowonongeka, makamaka zokhudzana ndi kuyaka moto." Icho chinatsatiridwa ndi ntchito ya 1796 "Kutsutsa kwa chiphunzitso cha chibayo ...". Mu ntchito izi, zogwirizana kwambiri ndi filosofi kusiyana ndi umboni wovomerezeka, Jean Baptiste sanafotokoze malingaliro atsopano, kupatulapo malingaliro angapo olakwika.

Mu 1802 ntchito ina inawonekera, "Hydrogeology." Lamarck mu ntchitoyi akusonyeza mbiriyakale ya dziko lathu lapansi monga madzi osefukira nyanja ndi zocheperapo zake. Kukula kwa makontinenti ndi kuika kwa mphepo ya organogenic kumachitika, amakhulupirira, panthawi ya kusefukira kwa madzi. Lamarck mu bukhu ili ankayembekezera njira zowonetsera nkhope, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi asayansi zamakono. Kuwonjezera apo, adawonjezera nthawi ya mbiri ya dziko lapansi, yomwe idakali yochepa kwambiri m'zaka za zana la 18 ndipo inali yochepa kwa zaka zikwi zingapo. Komabe, ntchito iyi ya Jean Baptiste, monga zaka ziwiri zapitazo, sizinadziwika bwino.

"Biology yeniyeni ya osadziŵika"

Lamarck mu 1800 adafalitsa buku latsopano. Ankatchedwa "Biology System of Animals Invertebrates." Wasayansi anatsutsa dongosolo la Linnew losawerengeka. Iye adalenga yekha. Lamarck, polemba bukuli, anali ndi zokolola zambiri, zomwe adasonkhanitsa zaka 30 za moyo wake. Mu ntchitoyi sadadalira kokha kulingalira, monga mwachizoloŵezi, komanso pafukufuku ndi mfundo zolemera. Lamarck anapanga chiyeso chachikulu mwa chikhalidwe cha chiyanjano cha ziwalo zamkati. Njirayi inathandiza wasayansi kupeŵa zolakwa zambiri zomwe Linnaeus, yemwe adanena kuti chinthu chimodzi kapena zamoyo zina ku gulu limodzi pokhapokha chifukwa cha kufanana kwake, ndiye kuti wasayansiyu anali ndi mphutsi, mollusks ndi zinthu zina mu gawo lonse.

"Filosofi ya zinyama"

Pamene Lamarcka adatha zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi, adadziwa zonse zomwe adaphunzira kale mmalo mwa zinyama ndi zomera. Tsopano wasayansi ali ndi cholinga chatsopano - kulemba bukhu kumene sikunangosongosola chabe zamoyo, ndi kufotokoza malamulo a chilengedwe. Jean Baptiste mu ntchito yake yatsopanoyo anatenga mimba kuti asonyeze momwe zomera ndi zinyama zinayambira, momwe zinasinthira ndi kusinthika ndi momwe zinakhalira pamtundu wawo. Wasayansi anayesera kutsimikizira kuti zonsezi sizinalengedwe mdziko lawo lino, koma zinapangidwa motsogoleredwa ndi malamulo a chirengedwe. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, Lamarck anakhala mlengi wa chiphunzitso choyamba cha chisinthiko. Pachifukwa ichi, ndiye adakonzedweratu Darwin (chithunzi chili m'munsimu). Mu 1809, wasayansi anafalitsa ntchito yake. Zomwe Jean Baptiste Lamarck anapeza zimayikidwa m'buku "The Philosophy of Zoology." Ngakhale kuti dzinali silinatchulidwe, limanena za nyama zokha, komanso za nyama zakutchire. Mu ntchito imeneyi, motero, chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko cha Jean Baptiste Lamarck chafotokozedwa, chifukwa chake amadziwika lero ndi dziko lonse lapansi.

Zotsatira za malingaliro a Lamarck, imfa ya Jean Baptiste

Kawirikawiri m'mbiri ya sayansi zinachitika kuti anthu amasiku ano sanazindikire anthu akulu ndi malingaliro omwe adalenga. Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake adalandira ulemu woyenera. Chochitika ichi sichinadutse ndi Jean Baptiste. Chiphunzitso cha Jean Baptiste Lamarck sichimamveka mwa anthu amasiku ano. Asayansi ena sanangoganizira za ntchito yake, pamene ena sanamuseke ngakhale. Lamarck, akuwerengera chithandizo, adaganiza zosonyeza ntchitoyi kwa Napoleon. Komabe, mfumu, yemwe ankaonedwa ngati woyang'anira sayansi, inanyoza Jean Batista poyera. Lamarck kumapeto kwa moyo wake anakhala wakhungu. Ali ndi zaka 85, Jean Baptiste Lamarque anamwalira. Chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko, chomwe chinasiyidwa kwa iwo mu cholowa, chinapanga dzina lake losakhoza kufa.

Chofunika cha lingaliro la Lamarck

Kodi chiphunzitso cha Lamarck ndi chiyani? Wasayansi ananena kuti moyo wathu padziko lapansi unayamba mwachibadwa. Poyamba zamoyo zosavuta zinaonekera. Pang'onopang'ono, patapita zaka zambiri, iwo anasintha, anasintha mpaka atakafika kumtunda wamakono. Jean Baptiste ankanena kuti zamoyo zonse zimachokera kwa makolo, mosiyana ndi iwo ndipo zinakonza zambiri. Jean Baptiste Lamarck anali wolondola mu izi, ndithudi. Chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko, choperekedwa ndi iye, komabe muzinthu zina sichiyimira kutsutsa.

Zifukwa ziwiri za kukula kwa dziko lapansi

Nchifukwa chiyani mitundu ya zomera ndi zinyama inasintha, kusinthika kale ndikupitirizabe kusintha tsopano? Wasayansi anayesa kuyankha funso ili. Komabe, ngakhale adakali osadziwika, Lamarck sanathe kufotokoza chodabwitsa ichi mwa njira zakuthupi. Wasayansi ananena kuti kukula kwa dziko lapansi kumadalira zifukwa zazikulu ziwiri. Choyamba ndi chakuti nyama ndi zomera mwa iwo okha zimakonda kusintha ndi kusintha. Motero, chilakolako cha kupita patsogolo ndi chinthu chenichenicho. Chifukwa chachiwiri ndi zotsatirapo za chilengedwe chomwe zimakhalamo. Chilengedwechi, chomwe chimatchedwa kuti moyo, chimapangidwa kuchokera ku zomera ndi zinyama, nthaka, chinyezi, kutentha, kuwala, chakudya, ndi zina.

Mphamvu ya chilengedwe

Wasayansi ankakhulupirira kuti zomera, komanso nyama zakutchire, zimasintha mwachindunji mwachindunji chilengedwe. Amapeza katundu ndi mawonekedwe ena. Mwachitsanzo, chomera chochuluka pa nthaka yabwino chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyana kwambiri ndi chomera chokhala ndi mtundu womwewo umene uli ndi malo oipa. Ndipo kukula mumthunzi sikuwoneka ngati wamkulu mu kuwala. Zinyama zimasintha, koma izi ndi zosiyana. Zizoloŵezi zatsopano zimapangidwa motsogoleredwa ndi kusintha kwa malo. Podzibwereza okha, amapanga ziwalo zosiyanasiyana, kuzigwiritsa ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, nyama yamoyo kosatha m'nkhalango, yomwe imakakamizika kukwera mitengo, imagwira miyendo. Woimira nyama, akukakamizika kusuntha nthawi zonse pamtunda wautali, pali miyendo yamphamvu, ziboda zokula, ndi zina zotero. Pankhaniyi, sitikuchita mwachindunji, koma ndi zotsatira zosawonongeka za chilengedwe, zomwe zimachitika mwazizolowezi. Jean Baptiste, kuwonjezera apo, ankakhulupirira kuti zizindikiro kapena zizindikiro zina kuti zamoyo zimakhudzidwa ndi chilengedwe, zikhoza kulandira.

Malingaliro ndi zosavomerezeka za Lamarck

Zomwe zasayansi akuchita lero zimatilola kunena kuti chiphunzitso cha Jean Baptiste Lamarck sichinali chovomerezeka. Asayansi samadziwa kuti mu dziko lapansili pali chidziwitso chosadziwika komanso chodabwitsa cha ungwiro. Patapita zaka makumi asanu, Darwin anafotokoza momwe zomera ndi zinyama zimakhalira, komanso momwe zimakhalira ndi chilengedwe, mosiyana. Iye ankaganiza kuti kusankhidwa kwachilengedwe ndiko chifukwa chachikulu cha chisinthiko. Komabe, biology yamakono imadziwa momwe zimakhudzira zamoyo, zomwe zimakhala ndi malo ofunika kwambiri mu lingaliro la Lamarck. Komabe, choloŵa cha makhalidwe omwe anapeza m'moyo wa chamoyo chikutsutsidwa. Sayansi imakhulupirira kuti zizindikiro zatsopano zikuwoneka pansi pa kusintha kwa kusintha kwamasinthidwe - kusintha kumene kumachitika mu maselo a majeremusi a zamoyo.

Ngakhale izi, zoyenera za Jean Baptiste Lamarck ndi zabwino. Anakhala woyamba kupanga chiphunzitso cha kukula kwa chilengedwe cha dziko lonse lapansi. Jean Baptiste Lamarck, yemwe akuthandizira pa chitukuko cha sayansi ndi yodabwitsa kwambiri, tsopano akusangalala ndi ana oyenerera.