Chinsinsi "Kumwera Society" Decembrists: chikalata malamulo, cholinga ndi ophunzira

Mbiri ya XIX m'ma Russia ndi amazipanga wolemera mu zochitika zosiyanasiyana. Komabe, kugalukira ndi Decembrists 'pa Senate Square ali pakati pawo ndi malo apadera kwambiri. Ndipotu, ngati cholinga cha yapita zoyesayesa zonse bwino ndi zinalephereka kulanda mphamvu mu dziko anali m'malo wina autocrat ena, ndiye nthawi iyi anali kusintha dongosolo chitukuko ndi kusintha kwa ndondomeko ya boma ulamuliro Republican. The initiators wa December chiwembu anali a "South" ndi "North" Poro, imayendetsedwa ndi NM Nyerere, Trubetskoy ndi PI Pestel.

prehistory

Nkhani za chiwembu cha Decembrists 'kawirikawiri mwambo kuyamba ndi maziko a Aleksandrom Muravevym ku St. Petersburg "Union cha Chipulumutso" - chimangidwe chinsinsi, amene analengeza cholinga chake kumasulidwa kwa osawuka ndi wozengereza kusintha kwakukulu dera la kasamalidwe boma. Bungweli inatenga chaka chimodzi chokha, ndipo inasokonekera chifukwa kusiyana maganizo ophunzira pa kuthekera regicide. Komabe ambiri mwa anthu ake anapitiriza ntchito zawo, tsopano mu "Union moyo". Kamodzi achiwembuwo anaphunzira kuti aboma akufuna kuti atchule mu mabungwe mabungwe a opandukawo azondi awo, mmalo adamuumbayo "kumpoto" (oyambirira 1822) ndi "South" (1821), Poro. The oyamba opareshoni likulu la kumpoto, ndipo chachiwiri - mu Kiev.

anthu Kumwera

Ngakhale udindo angapo zigawo za gulu la anthu achiwembu omwe amapezeka Ukraine, mamembala ake anali kwambiri kwakukulu akonzedwa kuposa "northerners". Izi zinali makamaka chifukwa chakuti "Kumwera Society" inkakhala kwathunthu wa alonda, ambiri amene anali kudziwa nkhondowo, ndipo anthu ake akhala akuyesa kusintha kapangidwe ndale za dziko ndi kulanda boma asilikali ndi regicide. Inasintha ntchito yake inayamba mu 1823. Zinali ndiye kuti chinachitika mu msonkhano Kiev kuti anatenga chikalata malamulo "Kumwera Society" lomwe linalembedwa ndi Pavla Pestelya amatchedwa "Russian Choonadi". Ntchito imeneyi, pamodzi ndi asilikali malamulo Murav'ev anadalira mwa a "Kumpoto Society", anachita mbali yaikulu pa mapangidwe maganizo mwapang'onopang'ono pakati pa Russian apamwamba a XIX atumwi, zomwe, poyamba, zinachititsa chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom.

chikalata mfundo

"Russian Choonadi" Pestel unaperekedwa kwa iwo pa anthu bwalo, "Kumwera Society" mu 1823. Komabe, anayamba kugwira ntchito pa izo mmbuyo mu 1819. Total zalembedwa chaputala 5 pa dziko, kalasi ndi mavuto dziko. Pestel akufuna kuti Sinthani dzina la Nizhniy Novgorod kwa Vladimir ndipo anasamukira ku likulu la boma latsopano la Russia logwirizana ndi mawonekedwe Republican boma. Komanso, "Russian Choonadi" anamuukitsa funso chiyembekezo chakuti yomweyo ya serfdom. The "Kumwera Society" Decembrists m'gulu:

• kufanana pamaso pa lamulo, nzika iliyonse;
• yoyenera kuvota "Popular Assembly" kwa anthu onse pa zaka makumi awiri;
• ufulu wolankhula, chipembedzo, kalasi, msonkhano, kuyenda ndi atolankhani;
• inviolability wa kunyumba ndi munthu;
• kufanana patsogolo chilungamo.

zolinga

Monga anati, "Kumwera Society" anali kwakukulu koposa "North." Cholinga chake chachikulu chinali choti:

• pothetsa autocracy, kuphatikizapo chiwonongeko thupi la mamembala onse a akulamulira Nyumba ya Romanov;
• chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom, koma osapereka dziko Amaya;
• kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi;
• chiwonongeko kusiyana kwa magulu;
• akhazikitse boma womuimira.

P. Pestel: mwachidule mbiri sewero

Choncho amene anali pa helm "Kumwera Society" ndipo adalenga munthu zikalata zofunika kwambiri zokhudza makonzedwe Russia, pa maziko a mfundo za Choonadi? Munthu ameneyo anali Pestel, Pavel Ivanovich, amene anabadwa mu 1793 mu Moscow, mu banja German, kumene ankati Lutheran. Ndili ndi zaka 12, mnyamata imatumizidwa ku Dresden, kumene iye anaphunzira ku imodzi mwa masukulu chatsekedwa. maphunziro Komanso Pavel Pestel anali mu Corps wa Pages, ndi pa anamalizidwa mnyamata anazindikiritsidwa mu Regiment Chilituyaniya. Asilikali ntchito ya conspirator tsogolo panali kuposa bwino. Makamaka, Pestel anasonyeza zozizwitsa za kulimbamtima pankhondo ya Borodino ndi nkhondo zina ya nkhondo yachiwiri mu 1812, wakhala kupereka zosiyanasiyana mphoto Russian ndipo anagwirizana.

ntchito Political Pavla Pestelya

Pambuyo kugonjetsa Napoleon mu malo ya akapitawo Russian ndi mabungwe andale, cholinga kusintha zinthu osauka ndi kupewa kapena kuwononga ufumu. Mmodzi mwa iwo anali usilikali ndipo Pavel Pestel, amene anadzakhala membala wa "Union cha Chipulumutso", kenako 'Union of moyo, "ndipo kenako anayamba mu 1821" Kumwera anthu chinsinsi. " The miscalculation waukulu anapanga Pestel Pavel Ivanovich, zinali maganizo ake kuti, mu mwambo chigonjetso cha mpanduko ndi dziko kalekale kulamulira boma Provisional. Mfundo imeneyi kwachititsa nkhawa anthu a "Kumpoto Society", monga mwa opandukawo panali anthu ambiri amene anaona zochita zake ndi kufuna kukhala wolamulira, ndi zokhumba Napoleonic. N'chifukwa chake "northerners" mofulumira palibe kugwirizana nawo a "Southerners" omwe pamapeto pake kumachepetsa angathe wonse. Kungoona zikalata, m'zaka 1824 Pestel, kuti anadziona molakwikatu ndi anzake, iye anakumana maganizo kwambiri ndipo ngakhale kuti nthawi zina anataya chidwi m'zochitika za "Kumwera Society".

"Kumwera Society": ophunzira

Kuwonjezera P. Pestel, mamembala a anthu chinsinsi, bungwe mwa atumiki a mayunitsi asilikali pamwamba pa dera la Ukraine ano, anali zingapo odziwika usilikali pa nthawi. Makamaka pakati pa atsogoleri a "Southerners" ulamuliro wapadera anasangalala S. Muraviev-Apostol, M. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Davydov ndi ngwazi ya kukonda dziko lako Nkhondo ya 1812, chaka S. Volkonsky. Pakuti kasamalidwe ka gulu wakhala osankhidwa Dayilekita, zomwe, popanda Pestel ndi Nikita Muraviev, apitambo ndi quartermaster wamkulu AP Yushnevsky.

Zochita ndi apolisi poyera zochita za Poro

Mu mbiri ya kayendedwe Decembrist, monga momwe zilili ndi aliyense magulu ena conspiratorial, panali oukira ndi provocateurs. Makamaka, kulakwitsa kwambiri chakupha anapanga Pestel, amene anapanga chinsinsi "Kumwera Society" wake wamng'ono - Captain Arkady Mayboroda. Last analibe maphunziro aliwonse, umboni ndi zolakwa zambiri kalembedwe kuti alipo mu mkwiyo olembedwa pa iwo Pestel, ndinali mwachinyengo. Mu kugwa kwa 1825 Mayboroda anapanga zinyalala lalikulu la ndalama asilikali. Woopa zotsatira zake, iye anauza akuluakulu za kupanduka lomwelo. Ngakhale kale mwano wa achiwembu linapangidwa sanali analamula wapolisi ku Sherwood, amene ngakhale anaitana Alexander Woyamba umboni ndipo anatumizidwa ku malo a utumiki kwa Chachitatu Regiment Bug, kotero kuti apitirizebe kuti afotokoze zolinga ndi zolinga za opandukawo.

Kukonzekera kugalukira ndi

Chakumapeto kwa chaka cha 1825, pa msonkhano ndi General S. Volkonsky, Pestel anafotokozedwa mipherezero "Kumwera Society" m'miyezi ikubwerayi, zofunika kwambiri umene unali yokonza kugalukira ndi, inakonzedwa January 1, 1826. mfundo ndi yakuti mu tsiku anayambanso Vyatka Regiment amayenera kuchita ntchito ya alonda ku likulu la 2 Army mu Tulchin. Achiwembuwo udaikidwa njira yokakamiza ulendo ku St. Petersburg, kundipatsako kwa zakudya zofunikira. Iwo anali ankaganiza kuti iwo adzamangidwa mkulu mkulu wa ndodo ya usilikali ndipo anasamukira ku St. Petersburg, kumene anthu amapereka mwa mayunitsi asilikali kutsogoleredwa ndi akapitawo a Member States "Kumpoto Society".

Zotsatira za kupanduka kwa Decembrists a m'gulu la "Kumwera Society"

anthu ochepa mukudziwa kuti Pestel Pavel Ivanovich anamangidwa ngakhale pamaso pa zochitika mu Senate Square, ndi zambiri makamaka, December 13, 1825, chifukwa cha ukali Mayboroda. Patapita womangidwa ndi m'manja bwalo mamembala 37 a "Society ya South", komanso mamembala 61 "Kumpoto Society" ndipo anthu 26 zokhudzana ndi "Society ya South Asilavo". Ambiri a iwo anali m'ndende kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya imfa koma ndiye wakhululukidwa, kupatula zisanu: Pestel, Ryleeva, Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Kakhovka ndi Muraviev-Apostol.

Kugalukira wa Chernigov Regiment

Atakhala kudziŵa zochitika pa Senate Square, ndipo ambiri a atsogoleri a "Kumwera Society" anamangidwa, otsala ufulu anzawo anaganiza kubwezera. Makamaka, alonda December 29 wa Chernigov Regiment Kuzmin, Sukhinov, Soloviev ndi Schepillo anaukira atsogoleri awo regimental ndi anamasulidwa Muraviev-Apostol, amene linatsekeredwa mu mudzi Trilesy. Tsiku lotsatira, opandukawo anagwira m'tauni ya cornflowers ndi Motovilovka, amene analengeza "Orthodox Katekisimu", umene ndi kukadandaula ku maganizo achipembedzo a asilikali anayesa kuti awafotokozele kuti zinadziwika wa umulungu wa mphamvu wachifumu - zopeka, ndipo anthu Russian ayenera kumvera kokha chifuniro cha Ambuye, autocrat.

Patapita masiku angapo, mudzi womwe unachitikira Ustymivka zipolowe za pakati pa zigawenga ndi asilikali a boma. Komanso, S. Muraviev-Mtumwi analetsa asilikali moto poganiza kuti chomwechonso atsogoleri amene amapezeka pa mbali inayo. Chifukwa cha kuphedwa kwa iye anavulazidwa, m'bale wake anadzipha, ndi akapitawo 6 ndi asilikali 895 anamangidwa. Choncho, "Kumwera Society" ali unatha, ndipo mamembala ake kapena kuwonongedwa thupi kapena demoted ndi ku Siberia kapena kuti asilikali, ankhondo kupitirirabe mu Caucasus.

Ngakhale kuti kupanduka kwa Decembrists analibe bwino, izo anasonyeza mafumu Russian kufunika kwa kusintha, amene Komabe, zimene Nicholas II sizinachitike maphunziro. Pa nthawi yomweyo, pulogalamu "Kumwera Society" ndi "The Constitution" Muravyov linapereka kuti apange mapulani Russian kusintha mabungwe chosintha, zomwe, mfundo, ndi zinachititsa kuti 1917.