Chilolezo chololeza malayisensi: lingaliro, ntchito zoyambirira ndi ntchito. Zochita zachizoloŵezi-zalamulo za matupi a chilolezo ndi kuvomereza dongosolo

Lingaliro la chilolezo cha chilolezo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza. Izi zikutanthawuza kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo ndi malamulo omwe amachititsa kuti akuluakulu a boma azilamulidwa pazochita zinazake kapena kulandira mphamvu zina mwa anthu ndi mabungwe alamulo. Chilolezo chovomerezeka ndi chilolezo ndilo bungwe lalikulu la malamulo, kuphatikiza nthambi zambiri za malamulo.

Ngakhale kuti funso la kayendetsedwe ka chilolezo cha sayansi yatsimikiziridwa mozama komanso mozama, akatswiri a zaumulungu samanena za udindo wa nthambi yoyendetsera mphamvu pakugwiritsira ntchito njira zovuta kwambiri. Kotero, kodi njira yothandizira anthu, ndi chiyani chomwe chiri ndizochita?

Mwachidule ponena za ntchito yobvomerezeka ya matupi a boma

Ntchito zothandizira maulamuliro ndi zovomerezeka zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi oimira zipani za boma, monga cholinga chake chachikulu ndikuonetsetsa kuti chitetezo chili pa dziko lonse lapansi. N'zosavuta kuvomereza kuti ngakhale magawo ena a milandu yofunika kwambiri ya anthu angayambitse mavuto aakulu ngati atachita ntchito zopanda ntchito, kunyalanyaza malamulo, malamulo, miyezo. Izi zikuphatikizapo kugwiritsira ntchito zida, kupanga magalimoto, ndi zina zotero. Ntchito zoterezi zikhoza kuchitika kokha ndi chilolezo cha boma loyenera.

FZ No. 99 "Kuloledwa kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ntchito" ndi maziko apamwamba a malamulo omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zomangamanga m'ntchito zawo ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito mwachindunji mfundo zoyenera kuchita zovomerezeka ku Russia. Zikuphatikizapo:

• Kukhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo ovomerezeka mwachindunji kapena mwachindunji - zakhazikitsidwa kuti n'zotheka kuchita ntchito inayake pokhapokha mutalandira chilolezo;
• Kukwaniritsidwa kwa ntchito zothandizira maulamuliro ndi zovomerezeka muzochitika zotsutsana ndi bungwe;
• Kulamulira ndi kuyang'aniridwa pazitsatiro za anthu amene alandira zilembo zovomerezeka za malamulo okhazikitsira ntchito zofunikira;
• Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zovomerezeka mwalamulo poyerekeza ndi anthu omwe akuphwanya malamulo ndi kubweretsa udindo walamulo.

Kodi ndi malayisensi ati, mitundu yawo yaikulu ndi malo otani?

Masiku ano, mitundu yambiri ya mapepala aulayisensi amatchedwa licens. Pa nthawi yomweyo nzika zimagwiritsa ntchito mayina ena:

• Ufulu woyendetsa (galimoto);
• Kuloledwa (kugwira ntchito ndi kuchuluka kwa ngozi);
• Chiwerengero (chokhala kwa kanthawi kochokera kunja kwa dziko la Russia);
• Sitifiketi yoyenera (dalaivala ya test test).

Pakalipano, ndikofunikira kusiyanitsa zilolezo zomwe zimaperekedwa kwa anthu ndi mabungwe omwe ali m'kati mwa ma licensing system, kuchokera ku zochitika zofanana, koma kukhala ndi cholinga chosiyana. Kotero, zilolezo zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi oyang'anira pazifukwa zosamveka zimaphatikizapo kuthekera koyenera kuti azikakamiza anthu omwe ali pamsonkhanowu, komanso kupatula nthawi yolemba malemba monga, mwachitsanzo, chilolezo cha banja loyambirira sichisokoneza chitetezo cha anthu, choncho sichifunikira kuyang'aniridwa pambuyo pake. Chitsanzo china chodziwikiratu ndi chikalata cha maphunziro: diploma yochitira umboni ku yunivesite imalola munthu kukhala ndi udindo wapadera. Koma, ngakhale kuti diploma yokhayo ili ndi nthawi yopanda malire, sizitsimikizidwe kuti zidzatumizidwe ku positi. Kuti tichite ntchito zamaluso, monga lamulo, chilolezo chimayenera.

Makhalidwe a chikhazikitso cha zilolezo

Mabungwe a boma omwe ali ndi luso lokwanira pazomwe amalembera malamulowa amavomereza kuti apange ntchito yapadera. Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti chilolezo chomwe chimaperekedwa ndi bungwe la federal sichikhala ndi malamulo oletsa ntchito.

Ngati chilolezocho chimasulidwa ndi mabungwe a m'dera linalake, ndizotheka kutenga nawo mbali pokhapokha m'malire ake. Kotero, dongosolo lololeza malayisensi ku Moscow liri ndi kusiyana kosiyanasiyana kuchokera ku machitidwe akugwira ntchito m'madera ena a Russian Federation, komanso zofanana zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, m'madera ambiri a ku Russia, kuphatikizapo dera lalikulu, pali CERD zomwe zimapereka ntchito yosasokonezeka ya dongosolo lovomerezeka la chilolezo m'dziko lonselo. Kuchokera ku St. Petersburg kupita ku Vladivostok, kuchokera ku Arkhangelsk ku Orenburg - malo opereka chilolezo ndi maulamuliro amapereka nzika zogwiritsa ntchito malangizo pokonzekera zilolezo.

Mawu a chilolezocho

Pakati pa federal, zilolezo za ntchito zina zingakhale zomveka kwa nthawi yosatha. Nthaŵi zambiri, nthawi yochepetsera chidziwitso ndi zaka zitatu. Pamene layisensi ikutha, ntchitoyi siyiyenera kuchitika.

Ngati pangakhale kusintha kwa ntchito, kudzakhala koyenera kupeza chilolezo cha ntchitoyo kachiwiri. Ndondomeko yothandizira maulamuliro ikugwira ntchito mu ulamuliro wapadera, ndipo imaphatikizapo kukhazikitsidwa kwazomwe malamulo amatsatira, ndondomeko ndi ndondomeko ya kukhazikitsa zomwe zikuvomerezedwa ndi malamulo apadera.

Ndondomeko ya chilolezo: njira yopezera chilolezo

Mawu akuti "kulolera kubwezeretsa" ali ndi mgwirizano wapamtima ndi kutanthauzira kovomerezeka, koma, mosiyana ndi iwo, amathandiza kuimira magawo omwe kayendetsedwe ka kayendedwe kamene ali nawo ndi zomwe aliyense amaimira:

• Choyambirira - gawo loyambitsa mlandu;
• Gawo la kuyendera, kudziŵika bwino kwa akuluakulu oyenerera ndi zolembedwa, etc;
• Kupanga zisankho ndi kupha;
• Otsogolera omwe akutsatira malamulowa ndi anthu omwe alandira chilolezo mwalamulo.

Kukonzekera mu machitidwe ena a chilolezo kumatanthawuza kukhalapo kwa magawo ena owonjezera: kuvomerezedwa (chifukwa chotheka kuchita ntchito zowaloledwa kale), kubwezeretsanso chilolezo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zothandizira. Zigawo izi ndizosankha, ndiko kuti, zimachokera ku kukwaniritsidwa kwa magawo oyambirira.

Kodi mungakonde bwanji chilolezo?

Chiyambi cha kuwonetsetsa kwachinsinsi chimakhala chiletso choletsedwa, chomwe, kuphatikizapo chidwi chachinsinsi chimene chinapangitsa wokondwerera kuti apemphe chilolezo, ndicho chofunikira chachikulu choyambitsa nkhani ya chilolezo. Pakalipano, kugonjera kwa pempho kuchokera pa phunziroli kuyenera kutsogoleredwa ndi kukonzekera kwina - kusonkhanitsa zolembazo, kukhazikitsidwa kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka bungwe, kulipira kwa ntchito za chilolezo ndi kulola thupi, lomwe siliyenera kupitirira malipiro atatu osachepera.

Kulembetsa kwa pempholi kumatsimikizira kulembedwa kwa pempholi, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti chiwerengero cha udindo wa boma chiyenera kuyang'aniridwa ndi pempho ndikulephera kuona ngati kutsatila kwa zofunikirako kuyenera kuchitidwa komanso ngati chodziwika bwino cha ntchitoyo chikugwirizana ndi malamulo, zachikhalidwe, zikhalidwe zoyenera komanso malamulo a moto. Nthaŵi zina, munthu wopemphayo amafunika kukhala ndi malo okwanira, zida zawo zamakono, ziyeneretso za ogwira ntchito, ndi zina zotero, zomwe zikuwonetsedwa mulamulo la 99 la Federal "Pazilolezo za mitundu ina ya ntchito".

Chifukwa chilolezo chikuletsedwa: zifukwa

Malinga ndi zochitika zomwezi, nthawi yongoganizira za pemphoyi imatsimikiziridwa - patapita masiku 30 munthu wokondweredwayo ndi munthu amene adalemba zikalatazo ayenera kupatsidwa chilolezo kapena ayi. Nthawi zambiri, zifukwa zotsutsana ndi maofesi oyenerera ndizo:

• Kupereka chodziwitsira cholakwika;
• Kusiyana kwa nkhaniyi ndi malamulo ndi zofunikira zopezera chilolezo.

Gawo lotsiriza liri ndi tanthawuzo lalikulu, ndipo pangakhale zifukwa zambiri zokana chilolezo chochitira zinthu zina. Mwachitsanzo, mu malamulo otsogolera polojekiti yopindulitsa ndi kutetezera, chilolezo chimatsutsidwa nzika m'milandu yotsatirayi:

• Kusagwirizana ndi zaka zakale (wolembapo sayenera kukhala wosakwana zaka 21);
• Kupeza munthu pa akaunti ya ma dispensary mu chipatala chachipatala kapena chachipatala;
• Chilango chochita cholakwika, chowopsedwa ndi lamulo lachigawenga;
• Kupezeka kwa mbiri ya chigawenga;
• Amakakamizidwa kuthamangitsidwa pa udindo wa boma (kuphatikizapo malamulo a malamulo, makhoti), chifukwa chomwe chikhonza kukhala chilango choletsa khalidwe lolakwika.

Ngati wopemphayo atakana kukana chilolezo, akhoza kuitanitsa kafukufuku wodziimira yekha. Nkhaniyi ili ndi ufulu wosankha bungwe lovomerezeka. Kupenda kumachitika panthawi yochepa, yomwe siyiyenera kupitirira miyezi iwiri kuyambira tsiku lopereka chisankho cholakwika pa kupereka chilolezo.

Zenizeni za kupeza chilolezo chosunga zida

Monga lamulo, pempho lopempha chilolezo ndilo gawo lotsogolera, koma nthawi zina kukhazikitsidwa kwa lamuloli kwachedwa. Chitsanzo chowonekera ndi ndondomeko yoperekedwa mulamulo la 150 la Federal "Pa Arms". Pambuyo pokalandira chikalata chovomerezeka, wopemphayo ali ndi ufulu wogula zida, koma atagula ayenera kulembedwa ndi dipatimenti ya apolisi m'masiku 14 otsatira. Pambuyo pa izi, mwiniwake wa chidachi amapatsidwa chilolezo kuti asungidwe. Kotero, dongosolo la chilolezo ndi chilolezo cha zida zimadziwika ndi zoyenera kuchita zina: choyamba kupeza chilolezo cha kupeza, ndipo pambuyo pake - kusungirako.

Kuonjezerapo, panthawi yomwe adasankha chigamulocho, kufotokozera zofunikira pazolembera (zokhudzana ndi laisensiyo, nthawi yeniyeni ya chilolezo, kufotokozera mwachidule za ntchitoyi) ikugwiranso ntchito ku udindo womwe unapereka chilolezocho. M'tsogolomu, deta idzalowetsedwa mu bukhu ili ngati chilolezocho chidayimitsidwa, kaya chiyenera kuchitidwa kapena kuchichotsa. Komabe, zomwe zili mu bukhuli sizinsinsi. Pempho la mabungwe a boma ndi mabungwe othandizira malamulo, amaperekedwa kwaulere, anthu ndi mabungwe amalonda ayenera kulipilira malipiro oyenera kuti adziŵe zomwe akulembazo.

Kuyang'aniridwa ndi boma kwa anthu omwe ali ndi chilolezo

Ndondomeko ya chilolezo ndi zilolezo za zida zimatanthawuza kuti ndizofunikira kuyang'anira ntchito ya eni ake kuti athetse chitetezo cha anthu. Ngati a licensee, pamodzi ndi chikalata chovomerezeka, ali ndi ufulu wochita nawo ntchito zina, akuluakulu oyenerera ali ndi ufulu woyang'anira ndi kutsimikizira ngati malamulo, malamulo ndi zovomerezeka zimatsatira. Mulamulo la 150 la Federal "Pa Arms", mndandanda wa malo omwe adatchulidwa, omwe akuyang'aniridwa ndi mabungwe ogwirira ntchito. Zimaphatikizapo zida zankhondo (kuphatikizapo utumiki, smoothbore, gas pistols, etc.), komanso magalasi ake, zowonongeka. Poganizira za malamulo oyendetsera malamulo ndi makampani omwe amagulitsa kapena kugulitsa zida, komanso kukonza zida zankhondo zopangira zida, makampani otetezera, maofesi a kuwombera.

Mipingo yovomerezeka ya Ministry of Internal Affairs mu licensing ndi permitting system ili ndi ufulu:

• Kufufuza kafukufuku wosakayika kuti azitsatira ntchito zomwe a licensee amachita mogwirizana ndi malamulo;
• Kutumiza pempho la kulandila kwa mwini wake wa chilolezo cha zofunikira, mafotokozedwe;
• Kuti mupange ndondomeko yoyendera (mu zochitika zomwe zikuwonetsa zotsatira, samverani zolakwa zomwe zapezeka);
• Chitani zisankho zomwe zimakakamiza munthu kutsimikiziridwa kuti athetse zolakwa zomwe zapezeka mu nthawi yochepa;
• Kupereka chenjezo poyimitsa kapena kuchotsa chilolezo.

Cholinga cha dongosolo la chilolezo, udindo wawo ku boma

Akuluakulu a boma ali ndi mphamvu pazinthu zina zokhudzana ndi ntchito ya oyang'anira. Kotero, dongosolo lovomerezeka (permissive) la Russia likukhazikitsa zolinga zothandizira, popeza cholinga chake ndi kuteteza zotsatira zoopsa zotsutsana ndi malamulo ovomerezeka ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zoopsa, zinthu, kuchita zinthu zofunika kwambiri kwa anthu amasiku ano. Ndondomeko ya chilolezo (permissive) ikulola boma kuti likhale lokhazikitsa ndondomeko yake yoyendetsera ntchito ndi kukonza malamulo pokonza ndondomeko yoyenera.

Monga lamulo, akuluakulu aulamuliro amalembera ntchito yomweyo. Mabungwe oyang'aniridwa ndi boma ndi mabungwe omwe ali mbali ya boma la boma akuyenera kudziwitsa akuluakulu a chilolezo za zolakwa zomwe zapezeka. Mwini mwiniwake wa zolembazo, ngakhale, alibe ufulu wotsutsa zoyendetsa zoyenera, ayenera kupereka zomwe akufunikira ndikupanga zolembazo.