Features, makhalidwe, gulu la mabungwe ndalama ngongole ku Russia

Mawu a dera ubale ndalama ali mbali zapadera chikhalidwe cha opaleshoni. Phunziro la ndikupeleka amatumikira kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama. Mawu osavuta, kwa nyengo yoikika kusintha ndalama mbuye. Choncho, gulu la mabungwe ndalama ngongole ali ndi makhalidwe yake.

duality

Finance mabungwe ngongole, pa dzanja limodzi ntchito phindu, ndi pa zina - ndi zotsatira zazikulu za citukuko. ntchito za mabungwe otere akugwirizana ndi zolowa za ndalama mu chuma, kuonetsetsa mtendere wa mabungwe a zachuma. duality Izi zinagwira ena maonekedwe a mabungwe zachuma kukongoza.

yodalirika

Finance ngongole mabungwe mu Russia anapanga pa maziko a Chilamulo Federal "Pa Banks ndi banki Ntchito". bungwe ngongole ndi bungwe lalamulo, ndiko kupanga phindu ndi kukhazikitsa mndandanda wa ntchito za chilolezo Bank Central. Fomu umwini akhoza kukhala aliyense.

Lamulo amapereka kwa chilengedwe cha mitundu iwiri ya mabungwe: mabanki ndi mabungwe osakhala banki. The Bank ali ndi ufulu wonse kwa kukopa madipoziti kuchokera mabungwe a boma ndi malamulo kuonetsetsa ndalama pa mawu a malipiro ndi alipire, kukhala nkhani, kupanga wotuluka pa kugula ndi kugulitsa masheya, ndi zina zotero. D. Non-banki bungwe ali ndi ufulu kugwira mbali imodzi ya ntchito ya pamwamba.

State lamulo

Lamulo anakhazikitsa kukula osachepera likulu banki ndi udindo pa tsiku amaloledwa kugwiritsa ntchito kwa kulembetsa. Iye rubles 300 miliyoni. The Bank of Russia komanso nthawi kukula pazipita zopereka si ndalama komanso mndandanda wa zinthu zoti akhoza chinathandiza likulu ovomerezeka. Makamaka, likulu banki sangathe kupangidwa likuvutika ngongole ku mabungwe ena. Shareholder kapangidwe ayenera kukhala zikutsatiridwa pa zaka zitatu ntchito. Bank chapakati nayenso anayamba angapo mfundo kuvomerezedwa ophunzira onse msika. Iwo umamangidwa ndi osachepera kuchuluka kwa ndalama zokha, mlingo wa solvency ndi liquidity.

reallocation chuma

Finance ndalama ngongole bungwe nawo kusokonekera kwa chuma pa milingo zazikulu ndi yaying'ono. Banks kwezani ndalama kwa anthu ndi mabungwe malonda, kenako kupiphatisa wotuluka mu msika chuma.

riziki

Banks kusunga ndalama za mabungwe malamulo ndi boma. Pakagwa tsoka, ngakhale chuma anathabuka. Choncho, nkhokwe mabanki mawonekedwe ngongole ndi ina ku zoletsedwa ndi Bank ku Central tidzakwatulidwa kunditumiza ku nkhani Mtsogoleri.

Zizindikiro za chuma mabungwe kukongoza

• The ufulu kutaya katundu Malire mwalamulo zinalembedwa.
• Kukhwima ndi alipire - ndalama anapereka ntchito kwanthawi yochepa, nthawi zina za nthawi.
• Analipira - ntchito likulu zofunika kulipira chidwi.
• Riskiness - ali adalipo opaleshoni ndi chiopsezo kochepa, amene angakubwezereninso zotsatira yaitali.
• Kuvomerezedwa kugwilizana ndi malamulo anayamba lolamulira mtendere wa mabungwe ngongole.

Popeza makhalidwe a mabungwe ngongole zachuma, Gona ndalama zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri. The amachita poyamba ndi khalidwe la ntchito ndi mabungwe malonda (banki ntchito), ndipo chachiwiri - ndi limatchula za dongosolo lonse. Mu mabanki anali ndalama, amachita zinthu intermediaries pakati pa boma ndi anthu, komanso kupezeka mu ntchito sheya msika.

ka bungwe

Mu Russia, ziwiri gawo dongosolo kubanki. Finance mabungwe ngongole ndi decentralized. Ichi ndi chifukwa chikhalidwe ubale msika. Free ogwira amatipatsa Kugawilidwa kwanthaka chuma kudzera mabungwe ngongole. Ndipo ndondomeko izi ziyenera kulamulidwa, chifukwa mabanki ntchito osati zawo, koma kunayambitsa ndalama, kuphatikizapo boma. mabanki chapakati pa dziko lonse Tingaone monga intermediaries pakati pa boma ndi chuma. Iwo kuphatikiza mbali mabungwe ngongole ndi mabungwe a boma.

Mfundo za ntchito a Bank wa Russia

Bank chapakati za malamulo okhazikika mu Constitution ndi malamulo a dziko la dzina chomwecho. Pa mlingo malamulo, ntchito yaikulu ya yang'anira ndi kuonetsetsa mtendere wa ndalama dziko. Lamulo feduro ikuti kuti ntchito ulamuliro zokhudzana sanali phindu, chifukwa phindu si cholinga chachikulu.

mphamvu yang'anira anawagawa m'magulu awiri. Woyamba chikugwirizana ndi ntchito ya ntchito gulu (kulamulira mfundo ndalama), ndipo chachiwiri - ndi kukhazikitsa ntchito kubanki. Choyamba kuthamanga free, ndipo chachiwiri - pa mlingo umene unakhazikitsidwa.

Capital ndi katundu onse a Bank of Russia ali mbali ya boma koma gulu lenilenilo imatengedwa kuti mwalamulo ndi wodzidalira pachuma. The chikhalidwe choyamba ndi koyenera kuti kasamalidwe mfundo ndalama. ufulu ndalama kuti Bank of Russia sadzakhala ayenera kuti maudindo a boma ndi onse unathandiza ndi ndalama paokha.

Pambuyo movomerezedwa ndi nkhani pachaka theka la phindu banki kunditumiza ku bajeti feduro. Mavesi walangizidwa provisioning ndi maziko. Misonkho ntchito anachita mogwirizana ndi NC, kupatula omwe akugwirizana ndi boma lamulo.

mabungwe ngongole Finance Organization

The kusintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka ntchito zachuma wasintha Kapangidwe ka likulu la mabungwe a zachuma. Lero, ndiwo ndalama mu mtima chilungamo, anakopeka ku msika chuma. Mu chuma utsogoleri-lamulo, likulu la mabanki anapanga likuvutika chuma boma. M'kupita kwa nthawi, kuchuluka chiwerengero cha mankhwala anapereka. Banks analandira ndalama komanso RZB, ku ntchito ndi zitsulo, ndalama, kubwereketsa, factoring, wotuluka forfaiting.

Organization ya zachuma mabungwe kukongoza chimakopa mongoyembekezera ufulu ndalama ndipo nthawi yomweyo chokumanako akusowa thandizo la anthu ndi mabungwe a zachuma. Choncho, kapangidwe ka chuma banki akhoza kuwasiyanitsa:

• mwini ndalama: gawo likulu, nkhokwe, ndalama wapadera ndi phindu;
• ngongole - ndi ndalama anaukitsidwa kwa ntchito chabe (madipoziti kasitomala) kugwira ntchito yogwira (kukongoza).

phindu banki a

Phindu la chuma bungwe ukuchititsa voliyumu ya wotuluka. Ndi kusintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka ntchito zachuma wasintha khalidwe la likulu. Organization ya zachuma mabungwe kukongoza ndi phindu tsopano si cholinga chachikulu, komanso yofunika chizindikiro chikhalidwe. kwake ndi kukula zokhudza zofuna za magulu osiyana a ogula:

• phindu kwa ma sheya hoda ndi chizindikiro chachikulu cha profitability;
• kwa antchito - mwayi mphotho ntchito khalidwe;
• kukula borrowers zasungidwa ndi kukula kwa m'munsi gwero ndi kuthekera kupeza ngongole pa mawu abwino kwambiri.

phindu banki ndi kuchita masamu kuti kusiyana ndalama kuchokera ntchito ndi mtengo wa awo kukhazikitsa, okhutira kasamalidwe zida. Ndalama, makamaka chidwi pa ngongole, zolipira kwa kuthetsa ndalama, ndalama kuchokera wotuluka mu sheya, ndalama, zitsulo zamtengo wapatali, ntchito chitsimikizo, kasamaliridwe kakatundu, kubwereketsa, ntchito yolangiza, ndi zina zotero. D.

Ndi zolowa ntchito monga ndalama operekedwa bajeti ya misonkho, chidwi pa madipoziti, kutumidwa pa ngongole interbank, ntchito malipiro kwa kudzera pa mtengo wa wotuluka mu sheya, ndalama, zitsulo zamtengo wapatali, mapangidwe nkhokwe, kasamalidwe zili zida.

kasamalidwe

Mabungwe a zachuma pali mitundu iwiri ya ntchito zipangizo. Akulimbana ndalama (ndalama) amalola ma sheya hoda kudziletsa pa kayendedwe ka ndalama. Chifukwa palibe katundu chuma, magombe ikaponda maukonde nthambi kuti Os kulimbikitsa antchito kuchita chikondi.

Kuwonjezeka chuma cha bungwe lirilonse malonda akwaniritsa ponso revenues ndi kuchepetsa ndalama. Mfundo imeneyi si ntchito mabanki amene ntchito yaikulu ndi issuance ndi chiombolo cha ngongole. Voliyumu ya phindu umadalira pa kuchuluka kwa zoperekazo ndi kukula kwa chiwongola dzanja pa iwo. Choncho, ntchito yaikulu pa kayendetsedwe ka ndalama ndi kuonjezera kuchuluka kwa ndalama zokha.

Chophweka njira cholinga ichi - kuonjezera ndalama mosavomerezeka. Capital kuwonjezeka zingawonjezere pazipita kuchuluka kwa ngongole pa wobwereka ndi kuganizira ndalama yaitali.