Hockey: mbiri ya chitukuko. Mbiri ya World Championship Hockey

Hockey, yemwe mbiri yake ikuwonekera ndi kutuluka bwino ikufotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane pansipa, ndi masewera a masewera a masewera omwe otsutsa ndi ndodo ayenera kulemba puck mu cholinga cha mdaniyo. Chinthu chachikulu cha mpikisanowo ndi chakuti osewera ayenera kuyendayenda pansi pa ayezi. Kukumbukira koyamba kwa masewerawa ndi ndodo ndi mpira kuyambira ku Middle Ages. Pamodzi ndi izi, ngati mtundu wosiyana wa mpikisano, unakhazikitsidwa patapita nthawi.

Mabaibulo oyambirira

Pa masewera monga hockey, mbiriyakale ya kutuluka kwakhala imodzi mwa otsutsidwa kwambiri. Malingana ndi buku lovomerezeka, malo ake obadwira ndi mzinda wa Montreal ku Canada. Osati onse ofufuza amakono amavomereza ndi izi. Chowonadi ndi chakuti mafano a anthu omwe akuchita nawo masewera ofanana pa dziwe lamadzi alipo mu zithunzi zina za Dutch masters zomwe zafika ku zaka za m'ma 1600. Zili choncho, asirikali achi Britain, atapambana ku Canada kuchokera ku France mu 1763, anabweretsa hockey pa udzu ndi mpira kudziko. Chifukwa chakuti North America imakhala ndi nyengo yayikulu komanso yotalika, masewerawa amayenera kusinthidwa kuti akwaniritsidwe. Zotsatira zake, anthu anayamba kupikisana pa nyanja ndi mitsinje yamchere. Choncho kuti miyendo isagwedezeke pamwamba pake, odulidwawo amangiriridwa ku nsapato.

Choyamba machesi

Chofunika kwambiri pakukula kwa masewerawa chinaseweredwa ndi Montreal. Anali mumzinda uno, pa rink "Victoria", pa March 3, 1875, kuti mndandanda woyamba wolembedwera mu hockey unaseweredwe. Mbiri ya nkhondoyi inasonyezedwa ngakhale m'nkhani ya nyuzipepala ya ku Canada yotchedwa Montreal Gazette. Magulu onse ochita masewerawa anali ndi osewera asanu ndi anayi. Chipolopolo cha masewerawo chinali diski yamatabwa, ndipo zipata zinali miyala yamba. Zida zothandizira anagwidwa ku baseball.

Malamulo oyambirira

Zaka ziwiri kuchokera pamene machesi a hockey adayamba, ophunzira ena ochokera ku yunivesite ya Montreal dzina lake McGill anapanga malamulo oyambirira a masewerawo. Iwo anali ndi zinthu zisanu ndi ziwiri. Mu 1879, wasamba wa mphira anapangidwa. Masewerawa adatchuka mwamsanga, kotero mu 1883 anawonetsedwa pamsonkhano wachisanu ku Montreal. Patadutsa zaka ziwiri, anthu a ku Canada anayamba kucheza nawo masewerawa.

Mu 1886, malamulo a masewera a hockey adasinthidwa, oyeretsedwa ndi kusindikizidwa. Nkhaniyi imati R. Smith ndiye woyamba kulemba . Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti kuchokera m'mawu amasiku ano iwo sanasiyana kwambiri. Kuyambira tsopano, gulu lirilonse liyenera kupikisana ndi osewera asanu ndi awiri. Anali msilikali wamasewero, omenyera kumbuyo ndi kutsogolo, omenyana atatu, komanso rover imodzi (wosewera mpira wotchuka kwambiri yemwe adapeza zolinga zabwino). Zolembazo sizinasinthe pa masewerawo. Nthawi yokha yomwe malo ololedwa analoledwa ndi kuvulala kwa osewera. Chikhalidwe choyenera kuti chigwiritsidwe ntchito chinali chilolezo cha gulu lotsutsa.

Komiti ya Stanley

Kutchuka kwa masewerawa kunapitiriza kukula. Mu 1893, Kazembe Wamkulu wa Canada, Lord Frederick, Arthur Stanley, adagula chombo chomwe chinali ngati piramidi yosasinthika yomwe ili ndi mphete zasiliva. Anayenera kupatsidwa mpikisano wa dzikolo ndi masewera monga hockey. Mbiri ya masewerawa sadziwa chipewa cholemekezeka. Poyamba, ngakhale amateurs amatha kumenyera nkhondo. Kuyambira mu 1927, ufulu wokhala ndi Stanley Cup umatsutsana ndi oimira National League la League.

Zosintha zamasinthidwe

Mbiri yakale ya hockey kumayambiriro kwa zaka makumi awiri ndi makumi awiri ndi makumi awiri. Makamaka, mu 1900 zipatazo zinayamba kukhazikitsa ukonde, chifukwa chiwerengero cha mikangano yokhudzana ndi cholinga cha scoring chinachepetsedwa kukhala zero. Pamene liwu lachitsulo linagwiritsidwa ntchito pamilomo ya woweruzayo, poyamba linasinthika kukhala belu, ndipo kenako kenaka ku analog ya pulasitiki. Pa nthawi yomweyo adawonekera ndikuponya puck. Pofuna kuwonjezereka mofulumira ndi zosangalatsa, mu 1910 zinasankhidwa kulola m'malo mmalo mwa masewerawo. Poyambitsa a Patrick atatu, ochita maseŵera a hockey anayamba kuika manambala, okonza masewera amaloledwa kuchotsa masewera ku ayezi, ndi osewera - kupereka padera. Komanso, adafuna kuchepetsa nthawi ya masewerawa mu nthawi isanakwane maminiti makumi awiri.

International Hockey Federation inavomereza malamulo a masewerawa mu 1911. Maziko adatengedwa chitsanzo cha Canada. Mu 1929, mwiniwake wa timu ya Montreal Marunz, Clint Benedict, ndiye woyamba kugwiritsa ntchito maski. Patadutsa zaka zisanu, ulamuliro wa bulita unayambitsidwa mwakhama. Nyenyezi zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi siren zolembera zolondola zolinga zomwe zinagwiritsidwa ntchito zinayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu 1945. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, malamulowo anasinthidwa pa kuweruza katatu.

Malo oyambirira

Mbiri ya chitukuko cha hockey sichinthu chosamvetsetseka popanda kumanga chitukuko choyenera. Poyamba, mabwalo a mpikisanoyo anali mazira oundana ndi ayezi. Pofuna kuteteza kuti zisasungunuke, zinkapangidwa m'makoma a nyumbayo, chifukwa mpweya wozizira unalowa mkati. Mu 1899 ku Montreal chophimba choyamba chokwera ndi chophimba chophimba chinamangidwa. M'zaka za makumi atatu za m'ma 1900, mabwalo akuluakulu anayamba kumangidwa ku Canada ndi USA. Chimodzi mwa zozizwitsa kwambiri panthawiyo chinali "Palace of Sports", yomwe inamangidwa ku Chicago mu 1938. Masewerawa anali owerengeka okwana 15,000.

Magulu oyamba ogwira ntchito ndi ma leagues

Mu 1904, Canada inapanga gulu loyamba la akatswiri a hockey. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti panthawi imeneyo adasamukira ku masewera atsopano, mogwirizana ndi zomwe aliyense mwa ochita masewerawo anali ndi osewera asanu ndi limodzi. Komanso, kukula kwake kwa maloyi ndi 56x26 mamita. Patadutsa zaka zinayi, akatswiriwa analekanitsidwa ndi anthu omwe ankachita nawo chidwi.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka makumi awiri ndi makumi asanu ndi awiri ku Ulaya anakhala masewera otchuka kwambiri monga hockey. Mbiri ya chitukuko chake mu Dziko Lakale idakhazikitsidwa kuyambira 1908. Panthawi imeneyi, International Federation ya masewerawa inakhazikitsidwa ku msonkhano wa ku Paris. Poyamba anali ndi mayina anayi - Great Britain, Belgium, Switzerland ndi France. Bungwe la Canada la hockey linawonekera patatha zaka zinayi.

National Hockey League (NHL) inakhazikitsidwa mu 1917. Mwamsanga iye anakhala mtsogoleri pa dziko lapansi. Izi sizosadabwitsa, chifukwa apa pali othamanga kwambiri. Komanso, zolinga zabwino m'mbiri ya hockey, monga lamulo, zinasinthidwa mu NHL.

Mpikisano

Mgwirizano woyamba wa mayiko pakati pa oimira North America ndi Europe mu mpangidwe wa masewerawa anachitika mu 1920. Kenaka gulu la Canada linagonjetsa timuyi ku UK. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti mbiri ya masewera a Hockey World ikuchokera ku Masewera a Olimpiki, omwe wapambana kwambiri ndiwo omwe ali amphamvu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Masewerawa anali osiyana ndi wina ndi mnzake ndipo anakhala odziimira okha mu 1992. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, International Federation inagonjetsa mpikisano wa European.

Mbiri yakale ya Masewera a Hockey World ikudziwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mpikisano. Poyamba, mpikisano unachitikira pa kapu, ndipo kenako - mu bwalo (limodzi kapena magawo angapo). Patapita nthawi, pamakhalanso masewera othamangitsidwa - "playoffs". Chiwerengero cha ophunzira mmagulu chinasiyanasiyana kuyambira 8 mpaka 16.

Russia hockey

Tsopano akuvomerezedwa mwalamulo kuti mbiri ya hockey ku Russia inayamba pa December 22, 1946. Patsiku lino, masewera oyambirira a mpikisano wa dziko adachitika m'midzi yambiri ya Soviet. Mu 1954, gulu lochokera ku USSR linapambana pachigonjetso cha dziko lapansi, likukantha anthu a ku Canada pamsabata womaliza. M'zaka za m'ma 1990 zapitazo, chifukwa cha kusowa mtendere m'dzikoli, othamanga ambiri anapita kunja kukachita.

Mbiri ya gulu la Russia la hockey timadziwa zambiri zomwe zinalephera. Mutu wa gulu lamphamvu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi unabweretsedwanso mu 1993. Komabe, otsatira otsatila oterewa amayenera kuyembekezera zaka khumi ndi zisanu. Tsopano gulu la Russia likuganiziridwa moyenerera kukhala limodzi la mphamvu kwambiri mu dziko ndipo nthawi zonse limasonyeza zotsatira zabwino.

Zosangalatsa

Poonetsetsa kuti puck siyambira pa masewerawa, ndizowonongeka kumayambiriro kwa nkhondoyi.

Amaseŵera ochuluka a hockey anataya osachepera dzino limodzi pa zokambirana.

Oyikira oyambirira anali angapo.

Liwiro la hockey projectile lingakhale ndi chizindikiro cha 193 km / h.

Tsopano operekera zovala amapangidwa ndi mphira wovunduka.

Hockey ya Ice

Mbiri ya hockey ndi mpira imatenga kuyamba kwake pakati pa zaka zapitazo. Kutanthauzira kwamakono, masewerawa ndi masewera a masewera pa ayezi, momwe muyenera kuyendetsera mpira mu cholinga cha mdani. Zimagwiritsa ntchito nsanja zamakono, kukula kwake komwe kuli mamita 110x65. Masewuwa ali ndi nthawi ziwiri mphindi 45. Gulu lirilonse liri ndi osewera khumi ndi anayi (kuphatikizapo 4 osewera masewera ndi msilikiti mmodzi). Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti chiwerengero cha m'malo mmalo muno sichikhazikitsidwa. Limodzi mwa malamulo okondweretsa kwambiri pa masewerawa ndi kuti wosewera mpira yemwe ali pa theka la munda mwiniwake (popanda kuganizira mlondayo) kutenga mpira alibe choyenera. Chilichonse chomwe chinali, hockey yamtundu uwu sikutchuka komweko monga momwe imachitira ndi puck.