Ma robot a Humanoid: chithunzi ndi sayansi

Kwa zaka zambiri zapitazi, mafakitale a zamakina opanga magetsi akhala akuthawa anthu ochokera ku mafakitale owopsa, osasangalatsa komanso olemera. Posachedwapa, kufalikira kwa chithandizo cha android kumayesedwa. Ma robot a Humanoid adzathandiza munthu wokhala ndi chizoloŵezi chokhala ndi zochitika zapakhomo, adzasamalira okalamba, kuphunzitsa ana ndi zofunikira.

Zoyamba zoyambira

Mu 1639, zaka zoposa mazana awiri zodzipatula kwa Japan kuchokera ku dziko lonse lapansi zinayamba. Kugulitsa pa doko la Nagasaki kunaloledwa kwa amalonda ochepa ochokera ku Holland ndi China, zomwe zinapangitsa chikhalidwe chosiyana cha ku Japan kukhazikitsa njira yake popanda chikoka china. Pa nthawi imeneyi, chidole chinayamba "Karakuri".

Ndipotu, izi ndizobuboliboli choyamba cha humanoid ndi mawotchi, ngakhale kuti zinyama zina zowonongeka zimayendetsedwa ndi nthunzi, madzi kapena mchenga. Ndalama zimakondweretsa anthu panthawi ya zikondwerero, ndipo ankakonda kwambiri nyumba zamapamwamba.

Zinkaonedwa ngati zopanda pake kuti zikhale ndi chidwi ndi makonzedwe apakati a "Karakuri", ndipo mawonekedwewo analipidwa mosasamala kusiyana ndi kayendetsedwe ka galimoto.

Technology ndi Psychology

Ma robot a Japan otchedwa humanoid amapanga chithunzi chofanana cha chitukuko kwa opanga makina a cybernetic padziko lonse lapansi. Vuto lalikulu pakupanga anthropomorphic systems ndizofunikira kufufuza zambirimbiri. Osamangomanga okha ndi omwe amapanga masamu, masamu ndi akatswiri a sayansi, komanso akatswiri a maganizo, akatswiri a sayansi, akatswiri a mbiri yakale, ayenera kuchita mgwirizano wogwirizana ndi wogwirizana.

Munthu ndizosatheka kuganiza. Choncho kwachitsanzo chovuta, kuphatikizapo "hardware" ndi mapulogalamu, gawo lachitatu la anthropomorphic system - maganizo ndi ofunika kwambiri. Zofufuza m'derali zikugwira ntchito mu sayansi yapadera, yokhudzana kwambiri ndi umunthu - robotics ndi robopsychology.

Ma robot a Humanoid, kuphatikizapo kuthekera kofanana ndi kayendetsedwe ka zosavuta, amayenera kukhala ndi nzeru zamaganizo, ntchito za kudzidzimvera ndi kusintha.

Kodi Android ndi chiyani?

Manambala a robot Humanoid atsopano maluso ndi luso, athandizana ndi munthu. Zomwe zimapindulitsa kwambiri ndizo ntchito zotsatirazi:

• Mlembi. Android imakomana ndi alendo, imakamba za misonkhano kapena katundu wa kampaniyo.
• Wowonjezera. Robot imavomereza dongosolo (mawu kapena pogwiritsa ntchito chinsalu), imamasulira luso ku khitchini, imapereka chakudya ndikuwerengera kasitomala (ndipo sichifuna nsonga!). Robokafe ndi wotchuka kwambiri ku South Korea.
• Wotsogolera. Wotsogolera alendo. Zambiri zokhudza chiwonetserocho, ziwonetsero.
• Mphunzitsi. Aphunzitsi. Ndiwothandiza kwambiri kwa ana akuphunzira kutali, pansi pa pulogalamuyo.
• Astronaut. Zomwe zilipo, pali zigawo ziwiri: Japanese KIROBO ndi American ROBONAUT 2. Ndipo ngati choyamba chimalumikizidwa ndi oyanjana nawo (kujambula, kutumiza mameseji), omaliza amatha kugwira ntchito zovuta zogwira ntchito poyera.

Anthropomorphic warrior

Cholengedwa chokondeka cha sayansi yeniyeni chimakhala chenicheni. Robotti zapamwamba zankhondo zakhala zikutha zaka zambiri ndipo zatha bwino ku United States. Komabe, akadakali nkhani yotsutsana ndi machitidwe omwe adziwonetsa okha panthawi ya ntchito ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan. Zida zoterezi zimagonjetsedwa ndi ntchito zamakono ndi zomangamanga.

Kuthana ndi robot za humanoid chifukwa cha mtengo wamtengo wapatali womwe ulipo mu makope amodzi monga zitsanzo zosonyeza. Mwachitsanzo, mchitidwe wamakono wotchedwa METHOD1, wowonetsedwa ndi okonza ku Korea. Shogohod akhoza kusuntha manja ake ndi kusuntha, kutsanzira kayendetsedwe ka wogwiritsira ntchito. Robot yaikulu ya humanoid ili ndi mamita 4 ndi mamita 1.5.

Kukula kwakukulu kwambiri ndikakhala ndi Russia, koma ili ndi ntchito zambiri: kuwombera mfuti, kulamulira ATV, kupereka chithandizo chamankhwala. Mphothoyi ndiyomweyi ya SAR-401 yoyamba (ON "Android Technologies"), yosinthidwa ntchito za usilikali, zopangidwa zosowa za Roskosmos corporation.

Miyambo Yachijapani

Ishiguru Hiroshi, pulofesa wa Osaka City ku Yunivesite ya Japan ndi Institute of Advanced Technology ku Kyoto, adalandiridwa konse mu 2006, akudziŵika bwino momwe amachitira buku la HI-1 dzhemineoid (Geminoid HI-1) kwa anthu onse. Makina ambiri a masensa ndi ma servomotors amalola kuti anthropomorph isamangidwe osati manja okha, komanso mawonekedwe a nkhope. Zotsatira zotsatila (HI-2; F; HI-4; Q1) zinali zowonjezereka. Ndipotu, robot zowonjezereka kwambiri ndizo zidole zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi wogwiritsira ntchito popanda mawonekedwe opanda waya.

Malingana ndi pulofesa, kufanana kosavuta kumakhala kophweka kwambiri kusiyana ndi kuphunzitsa idoti kuti aganizire ngati munthu ndi kupanga zosankha. Zopangidwa ndi a Ishiguru Hiroshi, ochita masewera a mpira otchedwa robotiki amangowakumbutsa munthu, koma amapeza mpirawo, ndipo atatha kuyang'ana malo a chipata, amatumizira ndendende pakadali. Gulu la "Iron" Ishiguru - mpikisano wazaka zisanu mu robot mpira.

Humanoid yosangalatsa ya ku Middle Kingdom

Cholengedwa chokongola ichi chimatchedwa Jia Jia. Tsitsi loyera lakuda limadutsa mumayendedwe achi Chinese. Iye ndi kumwetulira adzathandiza mndandanda wosavuta, akudziwa momwe angayendetsere mu danga komanso ngakhale amodzi ndi amuna. Kodi mafanizi ake padziko lonse lapansi, amamutcha "mulungu wamkazi wa robot."

Jia Jia - choyamba chaching'ono cha China, chokonzedwa ndi akatswiri a University of Science and Technology (Hefei, PRC). Kukula kwa chitsanzo ndi thandizo lapadera linatenga pafupifupi zaka zitatu, ndipo akadali kutali kwambiri. Mtsogoleri wa Project Chen Xiaoping akukhulupirira kuti otsatira a "mulungu" ali ndi tsogolo labwino. Ma Robot okhala ndi nzeru zamakono akuyembekezera mwachidwi m'mabungwe azachipatala, nyumba zosungirako anthu okalamba, malo odyera ntchito yosavuta.

Makina a European humanoid robot

M'dziko lakale, machitidwe a humanoid amapangidwa ndi opangidwa bwino mkati mwa polojekiti ya ROBOSKIN. CASPAR yotchuka kwambiri komanso zitsanzo za iCub ndizochepa. Yoyamba inapangidwa ku yunivesite ya Hertfordshire (UK) ndipo yapangidwa kuti izitha kulankhulana ndi kuphunzitsa ana mu mawonekedwe osewera. Yankho la CASPAR kuti likhudze, chifukwa cha khungu lopangidwa ndi masensa ovuta, lingakhale losiyana ndipo limadalira mphamvu ya kukhudzana ndi tactile. Pogwiritsa ntchito kuwala kofiira, robot imasonyeza kukhutira, ndi mphamvu yamphamvu, kudandaula za ululu.

Thupi la robot iCub (Italian Institute of Technology, Genoa) lili ndi madigiri 53 a ufulu, ndipo seweroli limapatsidwa makina. Kunja kumafanana ndi mwana 4 - 5. Zitha kuyenda, kugwiritsira ntchito zinthu, kuyenda kumalo.

Ndondomeko ya boma ya USA

The humanoid PETMAN (wolemba pulojekiti R.Pleter, Boston Dinamics) sanena kanthu kali konse chifukwa cha chifukwa chake alibe mutu. Chinapangidwa ndi dongosolo la boma kuti liyesedwe ndi kuyesa ubwino wa suti zoteteza . Roboti ili ndi magawo a munthu wamba: ndi kuwonjezeka kwa 1.75m, kulemera kwake ndi 80 kg. PETMAN imayesetsa kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi. Kuyenda ndi kuthamanga kutsogolo kukuwonjezereka, kuwonjezeka kutentha kwa thupi komanso kutuluka thukuta.

Robot imatha kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi: kuthamanga pansi, kusewera, kukwera, etc. Monga momwe propulsor imagwiritsidwanso ntchito magalimoto oyendetsa galimoto komanso njira ya zingwe zamphongo. Okonzanso akulonjeza kuti posachedwa adzakhazikitsa robot yotsalira ndi mphamvu zowonjezera.

Mu 2014, maofesi awiri atsopano a ATLAS ndi CHEETAH adayambitsidwa, ali ndi ntchito zambiri komanso akuyenda, koma adagwirizanitsidwa ndi magetsi.

Kodi kusinthako kukubwera?

Pulofesa Masha Vardi (akatswiri a zamakina, Rice University, Houston, USA) akunena kuti palibe malire ochita kupanga ndi makina potsiriza adzakhala omveka bwino ndi opambana kuposa anthu. Chaka chilichonse anthu ambiri amawatchuka, ngati sanena kuti chikondi, makina a anthu amagwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi. Zithunzi ndi mavidiyo pa webusaiti akupeza malingaliro amamiliyoni, ndipo pakali pano kukula kwa robot kungathe kuwonjezereka kwambiri kuchuluka kwa osagwira ntchito. Mu gulu loopseza, ntchito ndi maudindo omwe angasandulike kukhala khodi yachinsinsi: ogwiritsira ntchito oyankhulana ndi ma checkpoints, osungira ndalama, ndi zina zotero.

Ndipo nsomba zisanu zabwino kwambiri za humanoid zimatsimikizira izi:

1. GEMINOID-F - Robot ya Atsikana (Japan). Chitsanzo cha anthropomorphic cha Pulofesa Ishiguro. Iye amatha kulankhula, kumwetulira, kufotokoza mofanana ndi kuyimba kwake komanso ngakhale kuimba. Anasewera maudindo angapo kumaseŵera.
2. ASIMO - android (Honda, Japan). Mu arsenal - kuthamanga, kugonjetsa masitepe, kusewera mpira. Ali ndi machitidwe ovuta a masomphenya ndi makina opatsirana. Amatha kutsegula botolo ndikutsanulira zomwe zili pamwamba pa magalasi.
3. Ro-Boy ndi humanoid (Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland), zonse zomwe zimapangidwa ndi kusindikiza kwa 3D.
4. FACE (Italy) ndikumva chisoni kwambiri ndi ma robot a ku Ulaya. Makina 32 amapanga minofu ya thupi ndikuyang'ana movutikira kwambiri.
5. ALICE (Neurobotics, Russia) ndi Russia yodabwitsa kwambiri. 8 kuyendetsa magalimoto, imayendetsedwa kuchokera ku masewera a masewera.