Madera ku India

mamembala Full-kunachitika a m'dera ankawaona yekha ndi ziwembu dziko, eni palokha. Koma mwa iwo anapanga osankhika dera, amene ankagwira akapolo, Karmakar, achibale komanso ali osauka ena. Komanso pamene panali mitundu yonse ya anthu ogwira ntchito m'dera amene ankagwira ntchito pa icho, -raby, anakakhala pa amisiri mdera (woumba, akalipentala, blacksmiths). Choncho, gulu mawu zachuma ali pang'ono kuchita ndi mzinda. Mamembala a gulu, monga ulamuliro, a Vaishya varna, kuitumikira ndi m'mudzimo -k Sudras (akapolo kupatula kapena varna sanali a).

Mu mawu chikhalidwe ndi utsogoleri, ammudzi makamaka umaimiridwa ndi kudziyimira pawokha. Mpingoyo unali otsogoleledwa ndi Mtsogoleriyu, zochita m'mudzi zinakambidwa pa misonkhano, amene anali woyenera kukhala yekha zonse kunachitika anthu a mmudzimo: Ispory pakati m'mudzimo anaganiza pamisonkhanoyo kapena Kuthi chigamulo pa maziko a malamulo a pachikhalidwe, koma nkhani yaikulu kwambiri, kumvetsa za panyumba ya mfumu. ammudzi anali woyang'anira yake mulungu, kenako kuchita miyambo. The banja zikondwerero (makamaka ukwati) panafika Anthu onse ammudzi kapena mbali yokulirapo zace. India ndinkayesetsa kulowerera pa zochitika mkati ammudzi.

Akuluakulu mphamvu boma, ammudzi anataya mwayi zimakhudza zochitika za boma; ku likulu ndi maganizo a anthu am'deramo ankaziona kuti ndi asilikali, iwo asiya kuti: iwo m'malo mwa retinue achifumu ndi mercenaries. yotumikira anthu wamba olekanitsidwa 7b ya ndalama. msonkho uyu anakhala okhazikika ndi woyesedwa ngati malipiro kupereka kunja ndi mkati chitetezo, kukhala olimba mtima komanso kutaya katundu ndi m'banja mwayi kulima komanso amaikonda. Malipiro a msonkho anali kugwiritsa ntchito zachilengedwe boma, osati chifukwa cha kalasi kuponderezana kulankhula: akapolo chabe ndi Karmakar msonkho ndi salipidwa. State pansi pretexts osiyanasiyana kufuna kuonjezera kuchuluka kwa misonkho ndipo nthawizina lankhosa wamba kuwononga; reply otsiriza kupanduka izi. Koma ndinganene muyezo anakhalabe: mbali ziwiri zofunika mzake. Only alimi amene tinganene kuti akubera (kulipira lendi msonkho), zomwe woyesedwa ndi dziko wokwatibwa ndi boma. moyo wawo thandizo m'dera umoyo maganizo zinkakhalira kuchitira zinthu limodzi; pa chikhalidwe chake anamanga luso ndi mabungwe malonda (shreni) kaphatikizidwe Chimonko (sanghas) mukupanga Karmakar.

Madera ku India

zigawo-Varna dongosolo Zikuonekeratu kwambiri, kuweruza ndi Mfundo za dharma (ukoma rulebook), analemba ndi Brahmans. Mfundo izi (wotchuka - "Malamulo a Manu") kupereka zinthu zambiri zokhudza mbali zosiyanasiyana za moyo wa Amwenye wakale, koma pa nthawi yomweyo si olondola kwambiri, kuyambira muyaya, ndipo kwambiri kutsindika inviolability a dongosolo wakale wa varna ndi mwayi "kawiri-anabadwa". Nthawiyi, zasinthadi ndi zinthu zinavuta kwambiri. Iwo ayamba Sitiyenera otchuka chiyambi, ndi malo enieni a anthu onse m'dziko - chuma, mkulu malo. Brahmins ambiri anakulira osauka ndipo amakakamizidwa kuchita ulimi, utumiki; Kshatriyas kukhala chabe mercenaries kapena alonda kwa anthu ena pankhaniyo. Ndi kufunika kukula kwa malonda ndi ntchito zamanja, vaisyas ambiri waphindu ndi ngakhale Sudras: ndanenera chiyambi N'kuthekanso kuti Sudra mafumu a Magadha - Nanda. chithunzi Social amakhala zovuta ndi mapangidwe a maufumu: ndi Brahmins ndi Kshatriyas zambiri mtundu wina zifukwa zosiyanasiyana ankaona Brahmins ndi Kshatriyas zina mtundu "zosatheka," kapena "m'munsi". Ambiri mafuko m'mbuyo kwa phiri nkhalango sikuli kwa aliyense wa mitundu ya.

M'dera India wakale.